Apollonius of Perga. c262-190BC. Greek mathematician: named conic sections: ellipse, hyperbola, parabola.

Apostles. 12 disciples of Jesus. Also, first missionary to a country.

Apostles’ Creed. 410. Widely-used affirmation of Christian faith.

Apostolic Constitutions. c380BC. Books of ecclesiastic law.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Appert, Nicolas. c1752-1841. French inventor of preservation by canning.

Appleseed, Johnny. (Chapman). 1774-1845. US nurseryman. Gave seedlings to pioneers.

Appleton, Edward. 1892-1965. English physicist: Appleton ionospheric layer.

April Theses. 1917. Lenin’s plan for Soviet takeover of state power from provisional government.

Aquila Ponticus. 2C. Translated Old Testament from Hebrew to Greek. Version adopted by Jews.

Arab League. 1945. Non-aggression and cooperation treaty of Arab states. Collective Treaty of Defence, 1950, to defend against Israeli aggression.

Arafat, Yasir. 1929-2004. Arab Fatah PLO leader. President of Palestinian Authority 1996-.

Aranjuez, Revolt. 1808. Forced abdication of Charles IV (Spain) and dismissed Prime Minister.

Araucanian Wars. 1530-1870. Chile, Argentina. Natives forced onto reservations.

Arc de Triomphe. Paris monument. Commissioned 1806 by Napoleon. Completed 1836.

Arcadia. Ancient Greek region of Peloponnesus. Megalopolis.

Arcadian League. 370-362BC. Union of states vs Sparta.

Archangels. Chief angels of Christian, Judaic, Islamic, other religions.

Arion. Greek bard rescued by dolphin.

Aristotle. 384-322BC. Greek philosopher, founder of Peripatetics: Unified theory of knowledge. Matter, potentially alive, strives to attain its living form. Stressed observation and logic. Deductive Reasoning. Free Will.

Arnold, Benedict. 1741-1801. American Revolution general. Betrayed US.

Arrhenius, Svante. 1859-1927. Swedish physicist, discoverer of ions.

Art Nouveau. (Jugendstil). 1885-1910. Originally English style of art and architecture. Reaction to Industrial uniformity. Beardsley. Tiffany. Gaudi.

Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

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