Schönbrunn, Peace. 1809. Austria lost land to France, Russia, Bavaria, Warsaw in Napoleonic Wars.

Schubert, Franz. 1797-1828. Austrian Romantic symphonic composer of lyrical beauty. Created German lieder. “The most poetic of musicians”-Liszt. A Minor Symphony 1822. Unfinished Symphony1822.

Schuman, Robert. 1886-1963. French Prime Minister 1947-8. 1950 plan to pool European resources led to EEC.

Schwann, Theodor. 1810-82. German scientist. Isolated first enzyme from animal tissue 1836.

Schweitzer, Albert. 1875-1965. German medical missionary to Africa 1913-.

Scipio Africanus Major. 236-183BC. Roman general. Pushed Carthaginians from Spain. Defeated Hannibal at Zama 202.

Scipio Africanus Minor. 185-129BC. Roman Consul, censor, general. Conquered, destroyed Carthage.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scott, Robert. 1868-1912. English Antarctic explorer. Died returning from the South Pole.

Second Front. 1944 Allied attack from west.

Security Council. UN executive. USA, USSR, China, France, UK, + 10 non-permanent.

Sedan, Battle. 1870. Napoleon III surrenders to Germans. Ends second French Empire.

Seguin, Marc. 1786-1875. French inventor of the suspension bridge.

Ségurane, Catherine. Saved Nice by frightening away invading Turks, 1543.

Senegal. Wolof, Fulani, Serer, Tukulor. 1406 Bettencourt explored. 15C Portugal. 1626 French settle. 1895 French colony. 1959 +Sudanese Republic=Mali Federation. 1960 -Mali=Independent republic.

Separatism. 1960-. Quebec movement for political independence from Canada. Referendum defeated 1980, 1995.

September Massacres. 1792. Paris. 1200 prisoners killed by revolutionaries in 4 days. French Revolution.

Servandoni, G.N. 18C Italian/French architect. St. Sulpice facade 1732.

Seurat, Georges. 1859-91. French Neo-impressionist originator of Pointillist style of painting. The Bridge at Courbevoie.

Seven Hills of Rome. Palatine, Capitoline, Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, Aventine.

Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. Pyramids 4700-2160BC. Mausolus Tomb 353BC. Artemis Temple at Ephesus c550BC. Hanging Gardens of Babylon 600BC. Colossus of Rhodes 280BC. Zeus Statue at Olympia 450BC. Lighthouse at Alexandria c282BC.

Seven Years War. 1756-63. France, Russia, Austria vs England, Prussia who retain Silesia, emerge as major power. French colonial power reduced. England gains New France, India. French-Indian Wars.

Sévigné, Marie de. 1626-96. Author of Letters 1671 to her daughter depicting 17C France.

Sèvres. 1756-. Royal French porcelain makers.

Seychelles. 1505 Portugal discovers. 1756 France. 1794 British. 1903 Crown Colony. 1976 Independent republic.

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