Rubens, Peter Paul. 1577-1640. Flemish Baroque painter. Sensuous works. Descent from Cross 1611. Médicis cycle 1621-5. Peace and War c1630.

Rude, François. 1784-1855. French sculptor of public monuments. Marseillaise 1833-6.

Rudolf. (Raoul). French king 923-36. Fought Normans and Hungarians.

Ruhr. German steel region. Occupied by France 1923-30. Heavily bombed in WWII.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Runge, Friedlieb. 1795-1867. German. Phenol from coal 1833. Carbolic acid 1834. Paper chromatography.

Russell, Frances. 1593-1641. Covent Garden market.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russo-Turkish Wars. 16-19C. Russia gains Black Sea to Balkans from crumbling Ottoman Empire in 10 wars. Assist Serb, Romanian independence. Crimean War.

Rutebeuf. 13C French trouvère, poet. Le Dit de l’Herberie.

Saar. Former Palatinate. 1919 League of Nations mandate. 1935 Germany. 1945 French occupy. 1948 Autonomous. 1957 West Germany.

Sade, Marquis de. 1740-1814. French S&M writer. Jailed for immorality. 120 Days of Sodom 1785.

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de. 1900-44. French aviator, writer. Little Prince 1943.

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Saint-Simon, duc de. 1675-1755. French courtier, writer of court life. Mémoires 1743.

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

Sainte-Beuve, Charles. 1804-69. French critic: Causeries de lundi 1851-62.

Salan, Raoul. 1899-1984. French general. Created OAS 1961. Imprisoned 1962-8.

Sallust. c86-34BC. Roman historian. Expelled from Senate for immorality. Catilina.

Samaritans. Jewish sect. Claim descent from Jews not deported 722BC. A claim rejected by other Jews. Lost Ten Tribes of Israel.

San Francisco. 1769 Portola discovers bay. 1776 Mission founded. 1835 Yuerba Buena cove settled. 1846 US. 1847 = San Francisco. 1906 Earthquake, fire kill 315.

San Francisco, Conference. 1945. Signing of United Nations charter.

San Francisco, Peace. 1951. Japanese 1854 borders restored.

San Ildefonso, Treaty. 1796. France, Spain allied vs England. 1801 Secret exchange: Louisiana to France, Etruria to Spain.

380 more results ...