Molinism. Doctrine of Spanish Jesuit, Molina 1535-1600. Reconciled free will and divine grace.

Monaco. 10C BC Phoenicia. 5C BC Phocean. Rome. 9C Saracen. 1191 Genoa. 1297 Grimaldi family. 1524 Spanish protectorate. 1641 French protectorate. 1792 French. 1815 Sardinia.1861 Grimaldi, French protectorate. Will revert to France when no male heir.

Monasticism. Seeking of spiritual perfection by living apart from society.

Monet, Claude. 1840-1926. Originator of Impressionist open-air painting direct from nature. Impression Sunrise 1872. Nymphéas 1906-26.

Monge, Gaspard. 1746-1818. French creator of descriptive geometry 1780.

Mongol Empire. Asia. Established 1207 by Genghis Khan. Peak included Persia, China, Russia. 1260- Fragmented. Yuan. Golden Horde. Tamerlane.

Monier. 1823-1906. French inventor of reinforced concrete, 1867.

Monnet, Jean. 1888-1979. French economist. “Father of Common Market”.

Montagnards. 1792-5. French revolutionary extremists led by Robespierre. Terror. Plain.

Montaigne, Michel de. 1533-92. French sceptical humanist essayist. On Humanism 1580.

Montcalm, Louis. 1712-59. French general killed defending Quebec against the English. Seven Years War.

Montecuccoli, Raimondo. 1609-80. Italian Holy Roman Empire general. Defeated Turks 1664, French 1672-5.

Montesquieu, Charles. 1689-1755. French political philosopher. De l’esprit de lois 1748. Idea of separate executive/legislative branches of government adopted in US, France.

Montfort, Simon de. c1165-1218. French leader of crusade against Albigenses. Conquered south France.

Montgomery, Bernard. 1887-1976. British Field Marshal. Commanded Allies in France, 1944. Defeated Rommel at El Alamein 1942.

Montpensier, Louise, Duchesse de. 1627-93. French princess. Led rebels in Fronde 1652.

Monts, Pierre du Ghast. 1568-1630. French explorer with Champlain. Founded Portugal Royal 1605.

Moors. Moslems of northwest Africa. Invaded Spain 711. Dominated to 11C. Surrendered Grenada 1492. Exterminated by Inquisition. Expelled from Spain 1492.

Moravian Church. Unitas Fratrum. 1457-. Protestant Hussite sect. 1467 Split from Utraquists. 18C German Pietist revival.

Moreau, Gustave. 1826-1898. French Symbolist erotic painter. Salome 1876.

Mornay, Philippe de. 1549-1623. French Huguenot leader in Wars of Religion, 1562-98. Reconciled Henry III, Henry of Navarre.

Morny, Charles, duc de. 1811-65. French coup organizer 1851 for Napoleon III.

Moroccan Crisis. 1905. Germany declares Morocco free of France, Algeciras Conference. 1911 = Agadir Crisis. French gain Morocco, Germany Cameroon, Italy Dodecanese.

Morocco. c2000BC Berbers. c12C BC Phoenecians settle. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 533 Byzantine. 682 Moslem. 739 Berber revolt. 788 Idrisid dynasty. 1061 Almoravid. 1147 Almohad. 1269 Marinids. 1550 Saadis. 1666 Alawis. 1668 Berber. 18C French influence. 1912 Spanish(N)/French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Ceuta. Melilla.

Moscow Treaty. 1920 Baltic Liberation. 1921 Turkish frontiers. 1970 W Germany, USSR renounce force.

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