Pretorius, Marthinus. 1819-1901. First president of South African Republic 1857-71, president. Orange Free State 1859-64.

Priestley, Joseph. 1733-1804. English chemist: isolated Oxygen 1774, 9 other gasses.

Primogeniture. Right of eldest son to inherit. Prevented dilution of wealth of aristocracy.

Proclamation of 1763. Limited settlement west of Appalachians to appease Indians.

Prophet. Old Testament Hebrew spiritual leader, divinely inspired spokesperson. Muhammad, Moses, Jeremiah, Isaiah, Jesus.

Protectionism. Levying of import duties to make domestic production more competitive. 1337 England. 1870s Germany creates Depression. 1930 US deepens Depression. List. Smoot-Hawley.

Protestant Succession. 1701. English Act of Settlement.

Protestant Union. 1608-21. German princes vs reimposition of Catholicism.

Protestantism. Christian doctrine based on faith instead of church dispensations. Reformation. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Luther.

Ptah. Egyptian creator god. =Hephaestus.

Punic Wars. 264-241BC Rome gains Sicily from Carthage. Mylae. 218-201BC Rome defeats Hannibal attack, gains Spain. 149-146BC Rome destroys Carthage.

Pyramids. c2686-2160BC. Oldest of Seven Wonders.

Pyrenees, Treaty. 1659. Established French/Spanish border ending 24 year war.

Pythian Games. -4C. Musical and athletic contests at Delphi.

Quakers. 1647. Society of Friends. Protestant non-conformist sect, founded by Fox. Silently awaiting “Inward Light”. Penn.

Quesnel, Pasquier. 1634-1719. French Jansenist leader. French New Testament 1697.

Quimby, Phineas P. 1802-66. US mental healer by suggestion. Mary Baker Eddy was a patient. Father of New Thought movement.

Raffles, Thomas. 1781-1826. English founder of Singapore 1819.

Rapallo Treaty. 1920. Italy,Yugoslavia establish free city of Rijeka, settle borders. 1922 Normalized relations of Germany, USSR. Cancelled war indemnities.

Ravenna. 402 Western Roman Empire capital. 476 Ostrogothic capital of Italy. 553 Byzantine. 751 Lombard. 754 Franks. 1278 Papal States. 1441 Venice. 1509 Papal States. 1859 Sardinia. 1861 Italy.

Reformation. 16C religious movement against practices of Roman Catholic church led to founding of Protestant churches. Luther. Calvin. Knox. Zwingli. Henry VIII.

Religion, Wars of. 1562-1598. Eight French wars between Catholics and Protestants. Ended by Edict of Nantes. Sully. Mornay. Three Henrys War.

Remarque, Erich. 1898-1970. German/US writer. All Quiet on the Western Front 1929.

Remington, Frederic. 1861-1909. US artist of western subjects.

Renaissance Music. c16C. Freer, flexible polyphony; steady, predictable rhythm. Palestrina. Gabrieli. English madrigals.

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