Raleigh, Walter. 1554-1618. English colonist in Virginia. Introduced tobacco, potato to Europe. Beheaded.

Raphaël. 1483-1520. Italian High Renaissance classical painter, sculptor, architect. Vatican frescoes 1508-11. Madonnas 1505-7. Sistine Madonna 1513. Julius II.

Reuchlin, Johannes. 1455-1522. German. Christian. Created Hebrew grammar.

Reunion Is. 1513 Portugal discovers. 1638 French claim. 1665 French settle. 1810 British. 1814 French. 1947 French Overseas Department.

Reuter, Paul. 1816-99. German telegraphic press pioneer, 1851. Pigeon post 1850.

Revivalism. 18,19C. Revival of prior periods of English architecture. Neo-Greek, Neo-Renaissance, Neo-Gothic. British Museum.

Rhine Uprising. 1301-2. Vs tolls.

Richelieu, Cardinal. 1585-1642. French politician 1624-. Built power of Louis XIII.

Riemann, Bernhard. 1826-66. German mathematician: non-Euclidean geometry.

Rilke, Rainer. 1875-1926. Czech/Austrian writer: Duino Elegies 1922. Sonnets to Orpheus 1923.

Rimbaud, Arthur. 1854-91. French Symbolist poet: Illuminations. Anticipated Freud’s ideas.

Rimini Golden Bull. 1226. Frederick II grants sovereignty of Prussia to Teutonic knights.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romanesque Art. 11-12C Powerful imagery, grand conception. Fused Byzantine, Teutonic, Roman.

Romantic. Art. Expression of emotion more important than form or reality. Delacroix. Turner.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Rosenkreuz, Christian. 15C. Legendary founder of Rosicrucian Society.

Rosicrucians. 17C- Society claiming ancient mystical knowledge. Rosenkreuz.

Rutebeuf. 13C French trouvère, poet. Le Dit de l’Herberie.

Sacre Coeur. Paris basilica built 1873-1910 by Abadie, at a cost of FF40 million.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

Sainte-Beuve, Charles. 1804-69. French critic: Causeries de lundi 1851-62.

Salon des Refusés. 1863. Paris exhibition of paintings by Cezanne, Manet, Whistler refused by Academy. Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

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