Manet, Édouard. 1832-83. French Pre-Impressionist painter. Olympia 1863. Déjeuner sur l’herbe 1863, triggered Impressionism. Folies-Bergères 1882. Monet.

Marche. 10C Independent feudal state. 1631 Papal States. 1860 Italy.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

Mathieu, Albert. 1802. Suggested English Channel Tunnel to Napoleon.

Mazowiecki, Tadeusz. 1927-. Polish Prime Minister 1989. First non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe in 40 years.

Megarian. 4C BC. School of philosophy founded by Eucleides. Good is a single quality by many names.

Meiji. 1852-1912. Japanese Empire. 1867-. Modernization. New constitution. Abolished feudalism. Made Japan a world power. Ended isolationism. Tokugawa.

Mentor. Greek tutor of Telemachus, Odysseus’ son.

Merovingians. 476-751. Frankish dynasty. Childeric founded; Clovis expanded empire to modern France, Germany, Belgium, N Italy. Austrasia, Neustria; 534+Burgundy. Clotaire. Carolingians.

Mesopotamia. 5000BC. Tigris-Euphrates river plain where civilization began. 550BC Persia. 331BC Alexander. 115 Rome. 637 Moslem. 13C Mongol. 1534 Ottoman. Babylon. Akkad. Ur. Iraq.

Mestrovic, Ivan. 1883-1962. Croatian/US monumental sculptor. Belgrade mausoleum for unknown soldier.

Metastasio, Pietro. 1698-1782. Italian librettist for Gluck, Handel, Haydn, Mozart.

Métis. Mixed European/native race in Canada, N US. Riel.

Michelin, Édouard. 1859-1940. First removable pneumatic tires for bicycles 1888, for cars 1895.

Mickiewicz, Adam. 1798-1855. Polish Romantic poet. Pan Tadeusz 1834.

Micon. c460BC. Greek painter, sculptor. Theseus vs Amazons.

Middle Ages. 395-1492. Collapse of Rome to Columbus. Rise of Church power, modern European states. Dark Ages.

Minotaur. Half-man, half-bull killed by Theseus in the Labyrinth on Crete. Fed tribute of children.

Mitre, Bartolomé. 1821-1906. Argentine general, president 1862-68. Overthrew Rosas. Reunited Argentina.

Mitterand, François. 1916-96. Socialist president of France, 1981-95. Promoted European unity.

Mnemosyne. Greek goddess of memory. Muses’ mother by Zeus.

Moloch. Canaanite deity to whom children were sacrificed. Pseudonym for Yahweh.

Monroe Doctrine. 1823. No interference by Europe in Western Hemisphere. No US interference in Europe.

Montesquieu, Charles. 1689-1755. French political philosopher. De l’esprit de lois 1748. Idea of separate executive/legislative branches of government adopted in US, France.

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