Ruyter, Michiel. 1607-76. Dutch admiral defeated British in Anglo-Dutch wars.

Rwanda. -1962 Ruanda-Urundi. 1962 Independent republic.

Rykov, Aleksey. 1881-1938. Russian Bolshevik leader. Opposed Stalin. Rehabilitated 1988.

Saarinen, Eliel. 1873-1950. Finnish/US modern architect, teacher. Palace of League of Nations (Geneva) 1927.

Sabbah, Hasan-e. Founder of Assassins 1094.

Sacco-Vanzetti Case. 1921-7. Italian/US anarchists convicted and executed despite prejudiced trial.

Sacred Wars. 6-4C BC. Greek city-states, for control of of shrine at Delphi.

Sadat, Anwar al-. 1918-81. Egyptian president 1970- Aided Nasser’s 1952 coup. 1977 Addressed Israeli Knesset. Peace with Israel 1979. Camp David. Assassinated.

Sade, Marquis de. 1740-1814. French S&M writer. Jailed for immorality. 120 Days of Sodom 1785.

Saint-Exupéry, Antoine de. 1900-44. French aviator, writer. Little Prince 1943.

Saint-Gaudens, Augustus. 1848-1907. US sculptor. Farragut. Abraham Lincoln (Chicago).

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Saint-Simon, duc de. 1675-1755. French courtier, writer of court life. Mémoires 1743.

Saint-Simon, Henri de. 1760-1825. “Father” of French Socialism. Utopian writer. Organisateur 1820. Industry. New Christianity 1825.

Sainte-Beuve, Charles. 1804-69. French critic: Causeries de lundi 1851-62.

Saionji Kimmochi, Prince. 1849-1940. Japanese Prime Minister 1901~12. Tried to moderate militarism.

Saivo. Lapp underworld.

Saladin. 1138-93. Egyptian sultan 1169-. Took Jerusalem, 1187, inciting Third Crusade. Began Ayyubid Dynasty.

Salic Law. 6C penal code issued by Clovis. Incorrectly cited 14-19C to limit royal succession to males; Spain by Philip V, 1713. Victoria. Isabella II.

Salisbury, Third Marquess. 1830-1903. British Imperialist Prime Minister 1885~1902. Fashoda. Boer War. Splendid Isolation.

Salome. -72. Herod Antipas’ step-daughter, demanded and received John the Baptist’s head.

Salon des Refusés. 1863. Paris exhibition of paintings by Cezanne, Manet, Whistler refused by Academy. Déjeuner sur l’herbe.

Salzburg Synod. 800. Confirmed December 25 date of nativity as observed since 690.

Samaritans. Jewish sect. Claim descent from Jews not deported 722BC. A claim rejected by other Jews. Lost Ten Tribes of Israel.

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