Mannerheim, Carl. 1867-1951. Finnish president. 1944-6. Led fight vs Bolsheviks 1918-21, army 1939-44.

Mannerism. 16C Exaggerated colorful painting style emphasizing craft, decorum. Palissy. Dürer. Cellini. Bruegel.

Mansart, Francois. 1598-1666. French architect. Val-de-Grâce 1645. Classical elements in Baroque style. Subtle elegance, harmony. Mansard roof.

Mansart, Jules Hardouin-. 1646-1708. French architect, city planner. Dome Church 1677. Grand Trianon 1687. Place de Vendôme.

Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Manuel I. 1469-1521. Portuguese king 1495-. Overseas expansion and trade.

Manzikert, Battle. 1071. Seljuks defeat Byzantines, gain Anatolia.

Mao Tse-tung. 1893-1976. Chinese Communist leader 1935-. Long March. Cultural Revolution.

Maoism. Revolutionary Communist ideology of Mao Tse-tung.

Marat, Jean-Paul. 1743-1793. Bloodthirsty French revolutionary, murdered by Charlotte Corday.

Maratha. 1674 Kingdom in India. 1761 Confederacy. 19C British.

Maratha Wars. 1775-1818. British defeat Maratha Confederacy in India.

Marathon, Battle. 490BC. Athenians defeat Persian invaders.

March First Movement. SAMIL. 1919 Korean demonstration for independence from Japan.

March Laws. 1848. Hungarian independence during Revolution.

Marche. 10C Independent feudal state. 1631 Papal States. 1860 Italy.

Marchfeld, Battle. 1278. Rudolf I defeats Bohemians.

Marcion. 144. Founded heretical sect with 2 Gods: imperfect Old Testament God and Jesus’ merciful God.

Marcos, Ferdinand. 1917-89. Autocratic Philippine president 1965-86.

Marengo, Battle. 1800. Napoleon defeats Austria, gains Lombardy.

Mareth Line. 1943. Rommel’s defensive line in Tunisia.

Margaret. 1353-1412. Queen of Denmark, Norway, Sweden. Formed Kalmar Union 1397.

Margaret. Maid of Norway. 1283-90. Queen of Scotland 1286-. Betrothed to son of Edward I. Death led to England claiming Scotland, Civil War 1290-1314. Robert the Bruce.

Maria Luisa. 1751-1819. Spanish queen to Charles IV. With lover Godoy, ruined Spain’s finances.

Marie de Medici. 1573-1642. Queen consort to Henry IV, mother of Louis XIII. Regent 1610-14. Built Luxembourg Palace. Opposed Richelieu. Banished 1630. Died penniless.

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