Marie Thérèse. 1638-83. Queen Consort to Louis XIV. Daughter of Philip IV. Unpaid dowry caused War of Devolution.

Marignano, Battle. 1515. French defeat Swiss mercenaries, conquer Milan.

Marinetti, Fillippo. 1876-1944. Italian Fascist author. Founded Futurism 1909.

Maritsa River, Battle. 1371. Ottomans defeat Serbs. Turkey expands in Balkans.

Marmont, Auguste. 1774-1852. French Marshal. Surrendered Paris 1814 causing Napoleon to abdicate.

Marne, Battle. 1914. Paris defence vs Germans. Joffre. 1918 Allied victory is turning point in WWI. Foch.

Maronite. Syrian Roman Catholic Church. 7C Settled Lebanon. 1182- Under Vatican. 1860 Druze massacre Maronites. 1920 Lebanon. Phalangists.

Marryat, Frederick. 1792-1848. English adventure writer of energetic seafaring stories. Midshipman Easy 1836.

Marseillaise. French national anthem, by Rouget de Lisle, 1792. Named for volunteer militia who adopted song on march to Paris.

Marston Moor, Battle. 1644. English Civil War turning point. Cromwell defeats Rupert.

Martello Towers. 1804. Swiss designed defensive towers on English coast against Napoleon.

Martin I, St. Pope 649-55. Convoked Lateran Council to debate Monothelitism.

Martin V. 1368-1431. Pope 1417-. Election ended Great Schism.

Martov, L. 1873-1923. Russian Menshevik leader.

Mary Stuart. 1542-87. Queen of Scots 1542-67. Abdicated. Married Francis II. Queen of France 1559-60. Married Darnley 1565. Married Bothwell 1567, causing Scottish Revolt. Beheaded with Babington by Elizabeth I. Mother of James I.

Masaryk, Thomas. 1850-1937. Founder, first President of Czechoslovakia, 1918-35.

Maskeyline, Nevil. 1732-1811. English astronomer. Longitude from moon position 1763. Nautical Almanac 1766.

Mason-Dixon Line. 1763-7. MD-PA border named for its 2 surveyors. 1820- Separated slave/free states.

Matabele War. 1894-6. Rhodesia natives vs British. Mediated by Rhodes. Ndebele.

Materialism. All nature is describable as moving particles. Mind is the result of physical activity in the brain. Büchner. Diderot. Hobbes. Marx. Epicureans.

Matteotti Crisis. 1924. Italian Fascists kill Socialist, Matteotti for denouncing them. Aventine Secession.

Maupassant, Guy de. 1850-93. French short story writer: Boule de Suif 1880.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

Maurice of Nassau. 1567-1625. Prince of Orange 1618-. Dutch military leader. Fought Spanish 1590s.

Mauritania. Bafours. ~1C BC Sanhadja, Zenet, Teda. Ancient Ghana. 7/8C Moslem. 11C Almoravid. 13-17C Moqil invade. 15C = Shinqit. 19C «French West Africa. 1958 Autonomous. 1960 Independent.

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