Madeira. 1418 Portugal discovers. 1580 Spanish. 1640 Portugal.

Maderno, Carlo. 1556-1629. Swiss architect. Founded Baroque style. St. Peter’s facade 1607.

Madison, James. 1751-1836. US President. 1809-17. “Father of US Constitution.”

Madrid, Treaty. 1526. Charles V, Francis I truce in Italian Wars. 1670. Spain cedes Jamaica to Britain.

Maeterlinck, Maurice. 1862-1949. Belgian Symbolist poet/playwright. Pelléas et Mélisande 1892.

Magdeburg. 1631. German republic destroyed by Tilly in Thirty Years War.

Magdelanian. ~15-9C BC. Late paleolithic period.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Maginot. André. 1877-1932. French statesman. Built line of fortifications in the east of France 1928-38, leaving French overconfident vs German threat.

Magna Carta. 1215. British charter of rights, confirming ancient liberties, forced on King John at Runnymede. Habeas Corpus.

Magnus I. The Good. 1024-47. King of Norway 1035-, Denmark 1042-, uniting them. Failed in claim to England.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Mahmud II. 1785-1839. Ottoman sultan 1808-. Lost Greece, Syria. Destroyed Janissaries.

Maia. Greek Pleiade. Mother of Hermes by Zeus.

Maida, Battle. 1806. British defeat French in Calabria.

Mailer, Norman. 1923-2007. US writer. Naked and the Dead 1948. Executioner’s Song 1979. Harlot’s Ghost 1991.

Maillol, Aristide. 1861-1944. French sculptor of massive female nudes. La Mediterranée 1905.

Maimonides, Moses of Cordova. 1135-1204. Jewish philosopher. Mishneh Torah 1168. Guide for the Perplexed 1180.

Maine. 1898. US battleship destroyed at Havana. Excuse for Spanish American War.

Maintenon, Françoise de. 1635-1719. Mistress, then secret wife of Louis XIV. Founded St-Cyr.

Maipú, Battle. 1818. Spanish loss. Chile Independent.

Maistre, Joseph de. 1753-1821. French moralist for Christianity, Absolutism vs progress. Spanish Inquisition 1837.

Majorian. -461. W Roman Emperor 457-. Tax reform. Murdered.

Makarios III. 1913-77. Orthodox archbishop. Pro-Greek Cyprus president 1959-.

Malawi. c13C Chewa. 19C Yao, Ngoni. 1859 Explored by Livingstone. 1893 British protectorate. 1907 =Nyasaland. 1953 +Northern Rhodesia. 1964 Independent =Malawi. Zambia. Banda.

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