Arnulf. c850-99. Last Carolingian Holy Roman Emperor. Defeated Normans. Captured Rome.

Aroostook War. 1838-9. US-Canadian border dispute in East.

Arras, Battle. 1917. British WWI defeat.

Arriaga, Manuel. 1842-1917. First President of Portugal.

Arsacids. 247BC-224 AD. Parthian dynasty ruling Persia and Mesopotamia. Def by Sassanians.

Art Deco. 1920-39. Elegant Parisian decorative style. Erte. Lalique. Chanel.

Artagnan, d’. Guarded Fouquet at Vincennes Prison.

Artemis. Greek goddess of hunting. =Roman Diana.

Arthur I. 1187-1203. Duke of Brittany. Claimant to English throne. Defeated by John I.

Articles of Confederation. 1781-9. First US Constitution.

Artigas, José. 1764-1850. Uruguay revolutionary leader. “Father of Uruguayan independence”.

Artois. 5C Franks. 9C Flanders. 1180 France 1329 Burgundy, Austria. 1659 France.

Aryans. 2000BC. Nomads from Steppes spread to India. Founded Indus Civilization, 3240-2750BC. Hyksos Empire in Syria, 1720-1550BC. Introduced horse chariots. Basis for all Indo-European languages.

Asceticism. Self denial of sensual and material pleasures. Advocated by many religious sects.

Asgard. Scandinavian abode of the gods.

Ashanti Empire. 17-19C Ghana kingdom. Supplied slaves to traders.

Ashcan. 20C US school of modern art.

Assad, Hafiz al-. 1928-2000. Syrian President 1971-. Supports Qadaffi, PLO. Anti-Israel.

Assandum, Battle. 1016. Danes defeat English in Essex.

Assassins. 1124-1270. Secret Moslem order who murdered all enemies.

Assignats. French legal tender, 1789-96. Overissue caused inflation. Became worth 1% of face value.

Astarte. Semitic goddess. =Aphrodite.

Atatürk (Mustafa Kemal). 1881-1938. Turkish founder, first president, 1923. 1919-22 drove Greeks out. Major reforms to modernize Turkey.

Ate. Greek goddess of mischief.

Athanagild. ~567. Visigoth King of Spain. Ended persecution of Catholics.

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