Athena. Greek goddess of wisdom. = Minerva.

Athenian League. 378-338BC. Refounded Delian League. War with Sparta 378-371BC.

Athens. 3000BC. 6C BC growth. 5C decline. 4C Macedonia (aut). 27 BC Rome. 1458 Ottoman. 1834 Greek capital.

Atlantic, Battle. 1939-45. Unsuccessful German attempt to blockade Britain, WWII.

Atlantic Charter. 1941. British-US declaration of 8 principles of peace and security. Endorsed by >25 nations.

Atomism. 5C BC. World is an infinity of small indestructible particles. Leucippus.

Attila. 406-453. Leader of the Huns. 434 attacked Gaul, defeated at Catalonia in 451. “The Scourge of God”.

Auden, W.H. 1907-73. English/US poet/opera librettist. The Rake’s Progress 1951.

Audencia. Medieval law court in Spain.

Auer, Carl. 1858-1929. Austrian chemist. Incandescent gas lamp 1898.

Augereau, Pierre. 1757-1816. Marshal under the Napoleonic Empire.

Augsburg Confession. 1530. Doctrine of faith of Lutheran Church. Consubstantiation. Predestination. Diet of Augsburg. Melanchthon.

Augustine, St. 354-430. Author of Confessions, City of God. Bishop of Hippo. “God is omnipotent.” Introduced Neoplatonic Determinism to Christianity. Church should rule state.

Augustinians. RC religious orders following Rule of St. Augustine.

Aulic Council. 1498-1806. Court of Holy Roman Empire. Derived from Maximilian’s personal council.

Aumale, Henri, duc d’Orleans. 1822-97. French general, Orleanist leader.

Auriol, Vincent. 1884-1966. French President, 1947-54.

Aurora. Roman goddess of dawn. = Eos.

Auschwitz. 1940-45. German death camp in Poland. 1-4 million killed. Final Solution.

Austen, Jane. 1775-1817. English novelist: Sense and Sensibility, 1811, Pride and Prejudice, 1813. “the exquisite touch which renders the commonplace interesting”-W. Scott. Emma 1816.

Austerlitz, Battle. Moravia. Napoleon defeats Austrians and Russians, Dec 2, 1805. Peace with Austria.

Australia. c28,000BC Australoids. 1606 Sighted by Portuguese. 1668 Dampier lands. 1770 Cook claims for England. 1788-1868 Penal colonies. 1901 Independent commonwealth.

Austria. 400BC Celts. 15BC Rome. 5-7C Huns, Avars ravage. 6C Slovenes settle 8C Charlemagne. 9C Magyar. 955 Otto I...962 HRE. 976 Babenberg(E). 1278 Hapsburg. 1453 Archduchy. 1804 Austrian Empire. 1867 Ausgleich. 1918 Republic. 1938 Germany. 1945 Republic. 1955 Independence from Allies.

Austrian State Treaty, 1955. Ended Allied occupation of Austria.

Austro-Prussian War. 1866. Austria excluded from German Confederation. Austrian influence in Italy ended. Dual Monarchy.

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