Linnaeus, Carolus. 1707-78. Swedish botanist. Created Latin genus/species naming convention. Systema Naturae 1735. Philosophia Botanica 1751. Classified Homo Sapiens 1766.

Lloyd’s. English insurance society created in Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House 1688.

Locofoco Party. 1835-8. US anti-monopoly Democratic Party faction.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Long, Crawford. 1815-78. US physician. First surgical use of ether, 1842.

Lönrott, Elias. 1802-84. Finnish. Compiled folk verses to create Kalevala 1835,49.

Louis IX. St. Louis. 1214-70. French King 1226-70. Last 2 crusades. Captured on 7th Crusade. Built Ste-Chapelle, 1243, in thanks for release.

Louis VII. The Young. 1120-80. French King 1137-. Second Crusade. Marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine annulled, consanguinity.

Louis VIII. The Lionheart. 1187-1226. French King 1223-. Invaded England 1216-7. Albigensian Crusade 1226.

Louis XV Style. 1715-74. Superior craftsmanship. Rococo decoration. Boucher.

Lucretius. 99-55BC. Roman poet: De rerum natura, advocating moral truth without religious belief.

Luna 2. 1959 Russian spacecraft. Hard moon landing.

Luna 9. 1966 Russian spacecraft. Soft moon landing.

Lycurgus. 9C BC. Totalitarian Spartan reformer. Created militaristic society.

MacBride, Seán. 1904-88. Irish statesman. Founded Republican Party 1946. Foreign minister 1948-1951. Founder, chairman 1961-75 Amnesty International. Assistant UN Secretary General.

Maccabees. -63BC Jewish family. Led revolt vs Seleucids 168BC. Reconsecrated Temple of Jerusalem.

MacMahon, Patrice de. 1808-93. French Marshal. Crushed Commune. President 1873-79.

Macready, William. 1793-1873. English actor. Rivalry with Forrest caused NY Opera House Riot, 1849.

Macrobius. c400. Latin philosopher. Saturnalia.

Madagascar. 1500 Portugal discovers. 1642 French. 1814 British. 1885 French protectorate. 1896 French colony. 1958 Self-government as Malagasy. 1960 Independent. 1975 = Democratic Republic of Madagascar. 1993 Republic.

Mafia. Cosa Nostra. 13C-. Sicilian crime organization.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Mahavira, Vardhamana. 599-527BC. Indian founder of Jainism: -“All life is sacred”.

Maintenon, Françoise de. 1635-1719. Mistress, then secret wife of Louis XIV. Founded St-Cyr.

Malpighi, Marcello. 1628-94. Italian physician. Early microscopic anatomy. Malpighi skin layer.

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