Russia. 9C Slavs, Rus invade. 862-1598 Rurik dynasty. 1240 Mongol Empire of Golden Horde. 1462 Ivan the Great. 16C Unified. 1613 Romanov dynasty. 1917 Communist. Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. 1991 Russian Federation. CIS.

Sachs, Hans. 1494-1576. German shoemaker/poet, composed songs of commonplace.

Saint-Saëns, Camille. 1835-1921. French composer. Symphonic Poems. Carnival of Animals 1886. Samson et Delila 1888.

Sakharov, Andrei. 1921-89. Soviet physicist, human rights activist. Hydrogen bomb. Formed Committee for Human Rights 1970.

Salieri, Antonio. 1750-1825. Austrian court composer. Operas.

Samoa. Melanesians. 1722 Dutch explore. 1830 British settle. 1856 German trade. 1899 Germany(W)/ USA(E) becomes Western Samoa, American Samoa.

Sandinistas. 1962-. Nicaraguan Communist guerilla group vs Somoza. Governed 1980-89, despite US Funded Contra rebellion.

Satie, Erik. 1866-1925. Modern French Impressionist, Neoclassical composer.

Saxe, Maurice, comte de. 1696-1750. French commander, War of Austrian Succession.

Scarlatti, Alessandro. 1660-1725. Italian composer of oratorios and operas. Neapolitan School. Influenced classical harmony.

Scarlatti, Domenico. 1685-1757. Italian composer. 555 Sonatas for harpsichord 1737-. Operas 1703-.

Scarron, Paul. 1610-60. French dramatist, novelist. Le Roman Comique 1651-9.

Scheidt, Samuel. 1587-1654. German Reformation organ composer.

Schein, Johann. 1586-1630. Reformation composer. Introduced Italian Baroque to German music.

Schubert, Franz. 1797-1828. Austrian Romantic symphonic composer of lyrical beauty. Created German lieder. “The most poetic of musicians”-Liszt. A Minor Symphony 1822. Unfinished Symphony1822.

Schumann, Robert. 1810-56. German Romantic piano, choral composer. Lyrical works. Spring Symphony 1841. Rhenish Symphony 1850.

Schwarzenberg, Karl, Fürst zu. 1771-1820. Austrian. Commanded with Napoleon in Russia. Later led Allies vs Napoleon.

Scotland. c4000BC Inhabited. c1800BC Beaker people. c300BC Celts (Picts). Caledonia. c500 AD Scots (Celts from Ireland) settle. 832 MacAlpin unifies. 945 + Cumbria + Strathclyde. c1016 + Lothian. 1328 Independence acknowledged by England. 1603 James VI becomes James I of England. 1707 Great Britain. 1801 United Kingdom.

Scriabin, Aleksandr. 1872-1915. Russian composer uniting music with philosophy: Prometheus 1911. Musical symbolism.

SEATO. Southeast Asia Treaty Organization. 1954-77 for defence vs communist infiltration.

SEC. Securities and Exchange Commission. 1934. Founded under New Deal.

Seven Oaks Massacre. 1816. Northwest Company. agents kill 20 settlers in Red River rivalry with Hudson Bay Company. Settlement destroyed.

Shakers. 1747-. English celibate communal Quaker sect. 1774 moved to US.

Shakespeare, William. 1564-1616. English dramatic poet. Master of language, characters, perception.Titus Andronicus c1593. Romeo and Juliet c1594. Hamlet c1602. Othello c1604. King Lear c1606. Lover’s Complaint c1609. Sonnets 1609. Tempest 1611.

Shannon, Claude. 1916-2001. US information theorist. Mathematical Theory of Communication 1948.

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