Pius VII. 1742-1823. Pope 1800-. Excommunicated Napoleon after French annexed Papal States. Imprisoned 1809-14.

Plague. 429-425BC Athens. 33% died. 1347-53 Europe. (Black Death). Killed 25-50% population. 1603~65 England. 1720 Provençe. 1710 Scandinavia. 1894 China, Hong Kong. 100,000 died, 10M around world.

Plain. Moderate party in French Revolution. Montagnards.

Plains of Abraham, Battle. 1759. British defeat French, capture Quebec. New France falls. Wolfe, Montcalm killed.

Plainsong. Gregorian chant. Singing in unison without harmony.

Plantagenet, Richard. Duke of York. 1411-60. Protector during king’s insanity, 1454. Claims to succession led to War of Roses.

Plateresque. 16C Spanish architectural style. Intricate, heavy ornamentation.

Plehve, Vyacheslav. 1846-1904. Russian official. Forced Russification. Pogroms vs Jews.

Pléiade, La. 16C. French Renaissance poets, aimed to enrich French language. Ronsard, Bellay, Belleau, Jodelle, Dorat, Baïf, Tyard.

Plotinus. 205-270. Greek philosopher. His Neoplatonism influenced Islam, Christianity. Quest for Good through intelligence. “Creation is fall from God. Evil is the nature of man. Good is freedom from senses.”

Plutarch. c50-119+. Greek/Roman biographer and moralist. Influenced Rousseau. Parallel Lives.

Plymouth Colony. 1620 Founded by Pilgrims in New England. Massachussets Bay Company.

Pobedonostev, Konstantin. 1827-1907. Russian. professor, tutor to Alexander III, Nicholas II. Pro-autocracy. “Parliaments are the great lie of our time.”

Poincaré, Henri. 1854-1912. French mathematician.

Poincaré, Raymond. 1860-1934. French president 1913-20, Prime Minister 1912~29. Conservative nationalist. Occupied Ruhr.

Poisons Affair. 1679. French scandal. Nobles using love potions and poisons from fortune tellers. Mme de Montespan implicated. La Voisin. Brinvilliers.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Poland, Partitions of. 1772 Russia, Prussia, Austria take a third each. 1793 Russia, Prussia invade to restore conservative rule. 1795 After revolt, Austria, Prussia, Russia. divide remainder.

Pole, Reginald. 1500-58. Archbishop of Canterbury. Opposed Reformation.

Polignac, Auguste de. 1780-1847. French minister to Charles X. Disolved Chamber of Deputies, causing July Revolution 1830.

Polo, Marco. c1254-1324. Venetian traveller to China 1275-92.Travels of Marco Polo 1298.

Polyanov, Peace. 1634. Poland receives Smolensk for recognizing first Romanov czar, Michael.

Pomerania. Baltic area including Danzig. Independent duchy 11-17C.

Pompidou, Georges. 1911-74. French statesman, Prime Minister 1962-68, President 1969-. Fifth Republic Constitution.

Pompidou Centre. Beaubourg. 1972-7. Architects: Rogers and Piano. Paris modernistic art and activity center.

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