Golden Gate Bridge. 1937. San Francisco.

Golden Hind. Drake’s flagship; only one to finish circumnavigation.

Gombos, Gyula. 1886-1936. Fascist Hungarian Premier 1932-.

Goya, Francisco. 1746-1828. Spanish painter and engraver of macabre. Horrors of War 1811.

Guernica. Spanish Basque capital bombed by Germans for Franco, 1937. Euzkadi. Picasso. Spanish Civil War.

Hart, Lorenz. 1895-1943. US lyricist. Rogers. Pal Joey 1940.

Hearst, Wm Randolph. 1863-1951. US newspaper giant: San Francisco Examiner.

Heisenberg, Werner. 1901-76. German quantum physicist: Uncertainty Principle 1927.

Helmholtz, Hermann. 1821-94. German physicist. Conservation of Energy.

Henry IV. of Navarre. 1553-1610. King of France 1589-. Converted to Catholicism. Edict of Nantes protected Protestant rights. ’Reign of Rebuilding’. Assassinated by Ravaillac. Margaret of France.

Henze, Hans. 1926-. German/Italian composer. Combines German intellectualism with Italian lyricism. We Come to the River 1976.

Herder, Johann von. 1744-1803. German Sturm and Drang Nationalist writer. Stimulated Romanticism.

Hertz, Heinrich. 1857-94. German physicist: electromagnetic waves.

Herzberg, Gerhard. 1904-99. Canadian physicist. Electronic structure of molecules.

Human Rights. Agreed natural rights for all mankind. Stoics. Declaration of the Rights of Man 1789. Bill of Rights 1791. Buisson. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948. Amnesty International.

Hume, David. 1711-76. Scottish empiricist philosopher and historian: On Human Nature 1739. Free-will. Behaviour results from innate character. God cannot be proved by reason, but we must believe in Him.

Hundred Flowers Movement. China. 1956-7. Increased freedom of intellectuals. Criticism of Party led to backlash.

Huygens, Christiaan. 1629-95. Dutch physicist, mathematician. Discovered Saturn’s rings 1655. Pendulum clock 1657. Centripetal force 1659. Conservation of Energy 1669. Wave theory of light 1678.

Iamblichus. c250-330. Syrian NeoPlatonist philosopher. Theurgy replaces spiritual mysticism. De Mysteriis.

Ile St-Louis, Paris.1627-64. Classical style buildings.

Imagists. 1912-. Poets eschew sentimentality for precision and imagery. Pound. Lawrence. Lowell.

Innocent III. c1160-1216. Pope 1198-. Peak power of papacy. Fourth Crusade. Authorized incorporation of University of Paris 1215. Placed Inquisition under Franciscans and Dominicans. Crowned Frederick II.

International Brigades. 1936-9. 60,000 volunteers who opposed Franco in Spanish Civil War.

Irenaeus, St. c125-202. French theologian. Opposed Gnostics. Against Heresies 180.

Iron Guard. 1924-41. Romanian anti-semite fascist party.

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