Italy. 1861 Kingdom. 1946 Republic. Rome. Cisalpine Republic. Florence. Lombardy. Sardinia. Sicily. Tuscany. Venice.

James, William. 1842-1910. US Pragmatic philosopher. Radical Empiricism. Principles of Psychology 1890. Will to Believe 1897.

James I. 1208-76. King of Aragon 1213-. Conquered Balearic Is. 1229-35. Drove Moors from Valencia.

Jerusalem, Council. 50. Exempted Gentiles from Mosaic Law, circumcision.

Jiménez, Francisco. 1436-1517. Spanish cardinal, statesman. Founded University of Alcalá.

John XXII. 1244-1334. Pope 1316-. Avignon. Condemned Franciscans. Imprisoned antipope Nicholas V.

Joule, James. 1818-89. English physicist. Mechanics of energy. Law of Conservation of Energy. Energy unit, 1843.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Kansas. Kansa, Osage, Pawnee, Wichita. 1541 Coronado explores. 1803 US acquires in Louisiana Purchase. 1861 34th state.

Kant, Immanuel. 1724-1804. German Romantic philosopher. Free-will. Inherent moral nature implies “Transcendental” world of freedom. Although the mind builds internal maps of sensory perceptions, we do not know what the world is really like. -“moral imperative = human diginity”. On Heaven 1755. Critique of Pure Reason 1781. Critique of Practical Reason 1788. Critique of Judgement.

Karman, Theodore von. 1881-1963. US mathematical aerodynamicist.

Kazakstan. 8C Turkik settlers. 13C Golden Horde. 1798 Russia. 1910-85 Russification. 1925 Kazak SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Key, Francis Scott. 1779-1843. US lawyer/poet. Star Spangled Banner 1814 based on music from English drinking song To Anacreon in Heaven. US National anthem 1931-.

Kirchhoff, Gustav. 1824-87. German physicist: spectral analysis 1859. Cesium 1860. Bunsen. Electrical equations 1845.

Kirgizstan. Russian. 1926 Autonomous republic. 1936 USSR. 1991 CIS.

Ku Klux Klan. KKK. 1867-71. Secret US White Supremacist terrorist organization. Founded by Forrest. 1915- Recreated by Simmons.

Kyrgyzstan. 8C Arabs. 10-13C Kyrgyz settle from Siberia. 1758 China. 19C Uzbek. 1876 Russia. 1926 Kyrgyz SSR. 1991 Independent. CIS.

Lapua. 1929-32. Finnish-Estonian Fascist movement. Failed putsch, 1932.

Largo Caballero, Francisco. 1869-1946. Spanish socialist Prime Minister, 1936-7. Radical polemics led to Civil War.

Lerner, Alan. 1918-86. Lyricist. My Fair Lady. Camelot.

Lewis, Wyndham. 1882-1957. English satirical writer, artist. Founded Vorticism. Apes of God 1930.

Lima Declaration. 1938. W. Hemisphere solidarity vs Fascist threat.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lorentz, Hendrik. 1853-1928. Dutch physicist. Electromagnetic radiation theory, 1895.

Louise of Savoy. 1476-1531. Mother of Francis I. Negotiated Treaty of Cambrai.

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