OSS. Office of Strategic Services. 1942-45. Precursor to CIA.

Oswy. -670. King of Bernicia 641-, Northumbria 655-. United most of S. England.

Owen, Robert. 1771-1858. Welsh socialist. Began utopian cooperatives in England and US. Lanark 1799. Rochdale 1844.

Oxford Movement. 1833-45. Christian Socialist Tractarian movement for return to RC ritual, dogma in Anglican Church.

Paean. Greek physician to the gods.

Painlevé, Paul. 1863-1933. French mathematician. Prime Minister 1917,25.

Pan-American Union. 1890-1948. Commercial, cultural exchanges.

Pankhurst, Emmeline. 1858-1928. English suffragette. Founded Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903.

Pappus of Alexandria. Greek mathematician. Collection c340 of Greek works.

Paracelsus. 1493-1541. Swiss alchemist, physician. Chemical drugs. Named zinc. Practica 1529. Hypnotism. Great Surgery Book 1536.

Paré, Ambroise. 1510-90. Father of modern surgery. -“I apply the dressing. God heals the wound.” Invented articulating artificial limbs 1540.

Pascal, Blaise. 1623-62. French mathematician, Jansenist philosopher, physician. Calculator 1642.Barometer 1646. Syringe 1648. Hydraulics. Probability 1654. Pensées 1670.

Patricians. -287BC. Roman upper class. Plebeians. Nobiles.

Paul of Aegina. c625-90. Alexandrian physician. Compiled medical knowledge to date. 7 vol Epitome.

Paulicians. 7-11C. Heretical Gnostic dualistic Christian sect.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Phoebe. Greek Titan, associated with moon.

Phoenicians. Canaanites. 30-4C BC. Eastern Mediterranean traders from England to Africa. 20C BC Tyre. 15C BC invented alphabet. 814BC Carthage.

Physiognomism. Belief in the relationship between personality types and facial characteristics. Lavater. Aristotle.

Pilâtre de Rosier, Jean-François. 1756-85. Physician and balloonist. First ascent 1783 with Montgolfier; First free flight 1783 with d’Arlandes. Killed trying to cross Channel.

Pinel, Philippe. 1745-1826. French physician. Revolutionized care of the insane at Salpêtrière with humane treatment.

Plebeians. -287BC. Roman common citizens. Patricians.

Plehve, Vyacheslav. 1846-1904. Russian official. Forced Russification. Pogroms vs Jews.

Poincaré, Henri. 1854-1912. French mathematician.

Polish Corridor. 1919-39. Baltic territory dividing east Prussia from Germany. Nazis invade 1939.

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