León. 910-1230. Spanish kingdom. Ruled Galicia, Asturias; Portugal to 1143. 1230 +Castile.

Liberal Party. 1832. British Social reform, free trade, Irish Home Rule. 1867 Canada. 1944 Australia.

Liberalism. 19C. Movement for freedom of the individual, democracy. Bentham. Mill. Spencer. 20C. Movement to free individuals from economic restraint by social welfare programs.

Libya. 7C BC Phoenician, Carthage, Greek colonies. 46BC Rome. 476 Vandal(W). 534 Byzantine 647 Arab. 1551 Ottoman. 1911 Italian colony. 1943 British/French 1950 Independent Kingdom. 1969 Qaddafi coup. Terrorism. Lockerbie.

Liebknecht, Wilhelm. 1826-1900. German Socialist. Founded Social Democratic Labour Party, 1869.

Linacre, Thomas. 1460-1524. English physician, translator of Galen.

Lo-Johansson, Ivar. 1901-90. Swedish novelist of social causes. Goodnight, Earth 1933.

Lombards. Germanic people. 568 invaded Italy. 808 Jews formed banking system. 14C Commercial banks.

London Conference. 1933 Failed financial reforms to end Depresion.

London Gazette. 1665. Oldest publishing newspaper. Official government organ.

Long, Crawford. 1815-78. US physician. First surgical use of ether, 1842.

Lucian. c120-80. Greek satirist. Dialogues of the Dead.

Luckner, Felix. 1886-1966. German naval officer. Attacked commercial vessels in WWII.

Luxemburg, Rosa. 1871-1919. German revolutionary theoritician, agitator. Founded Spartacus Party.

Lycia. Mountain district of Anatolia. 43 conquered by Rome. Xanthos.

Macaulay, Thomas. 1800-59. British politician, writer. Essays 1843. History of England 1849-61 the “Whig interpretation of history”.

MacLennan, Hugh. 1907-90. Canadian writer of social + political conflict. Two Solitudes 1945. The Watch that Ends the Night 1959.

Mad Parliament. 1258. Barons give financial aid to Henry III in exchange for reform. Oxford Provisions.

Magna Graecia. 8-6C BC. Greek colonies in S Italy. Cumae, Tarentum.

Malachy, St. 1094-1148. Irish Cistercian papal legate.

Malignar Agreements. 1936-7. Socialist reforms in France.

Malinowski, Bronislaw. 1884-1942. Polish. Founded social anthropology.

Malpighi, Marcello. 1628-94. Italian physician. Early microscopic anatomy. Malpighi skin layer.

Malta. c800BC Phoenecia...Carthage. 218BC Rome. 5C Vandal/ Goth. 6C Byzantine. 870 Arab. 1090 Sicily. 1530 Knights of St. John. 1798 French. 1814 British. 1964 Indepependent. 1974 Republic. Population awarded George Cross 1942.

Malus, Étienne. 1775-1812. French physician. Discovered polarized light 1808.

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