Mandarin. Chinese official. Chinese dialect.

Manichaeism. 240-6C. Dualist ascetic Persian religion founded by Mani (-274) combining Gnosticism, Zoroastrianism, Christianity. Man’s spirit is good, body is evil. Albigens, Cathars, Paulician.

Manson, Patrick. 1844-1922. Scottish parasitologist. Associated malaria with mosquito, 1894.

Marx, Karl. 1818-83. German socialist philosopher: Communist Manifesto 1848. Das Kapital 1867. Dialectical Materialism. Marxism.

Marxism. Official dogma of Communism. Dialectical Materialism. “Perfect economic system will not require political state.” Marx. Engels. Value is based on labour. Maoism. Leninism.

Master of the Revels. 1300-1737. English court official who arranged festivities, acted as censor.

Matteotti Crisis. 1924. Italian Fascists kill Socialist, Matteotti for denouncing them. Aventine Secession.

Maurice, Friedrich. 1805-72. English theologian. Christian Socialist founder.

Mazarin, Jules. 1602-61. French Cardinal, politician. Power during Louis XIV rule, regent 1643-61. Ended 30 Years war. Defeated the Fronde 1653. Supported strong monarchy.

McCrae, John. 1872-1918. Canadian physician/poet. In Flanders Fields.

Mencius. c371-289BC. Chinese. “2nd” Confucian sage. Man is innately good.

Mensheviks. 1903-22. Pacifist minority Social Democratic Workers Party members under Martov split from Bolsheviks. Sought gradual vs revolutionary socialism. Suppressed after October Revolution.

Mercia. 7C-877. Anglo-Saxon kingdom in central England. Conquered by Danes, Wessex.

Mill, John Stuart. 1806-73. English Utilitarian Positivist philosopher. Social as well as political freedom is necessary. Tyranny of the majority. Associationism. Political Economy 1848. On Liberty 1859. Utilitarianism 1863. Women’s Right to Vote 1866.

Mindszenty, József. 1892-1975. Hungarian cardinal. Anti-Nazi, anti-communist. Jailed by both. Spent 1956-71 in US consulate.

Mississippi Scheme. 1717-20. Law’s attempt to develop Louisiana. Speculation led to financial disaster.

Mitterand, François. 1916-96. Socialist president of France, 1981-95. Promoted European unity.

Mo-tzu. c470-391BC. Chinese philosopher. People should love each other universally. vs Confucianism: parents are more important.

Monaco. 10C BC Phoenicia. 5C BC Phocean. Rome. 9C Saracen. 1191 Genoa. 1297 Grimaldi family. 1524 Spanish protectorate. 1641 French protectorate. 1792 French. 1815 Sardinia.1861 Grimaldi, French protectorate. Will revert to France when no male heir.

Moravia, Alberto. 1907-90. Italian novelist of social alienation. The Conformist 1951.

Morocco. c2000BC Berbers. c12C BC Phoenecians settle. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 533 Byzantine. 682 Moslem. 739 Berber revolt. 788 Idrisid dynasty. 1061 Almoravid. 1147 Almohad. 1269 Marinids. 1550 Saadis. 1666 Alawis. 1668 Berber. 18C French influence. 1912 Spanish(N)/French protectorate. 1956 Independent. Ceuta. Melilla.

Morris, William. 1834-96. English poet, craftsman opposed to 19C ugliness and social inequality. Founder of Socialist League. Wallpaper, fabrics 1861.

Moscow Declaration. 1943 Allies declare need for International peacekeeping organization...UN. 1956 Officially ends WWII between USSR and Japan.

Mumford, Lewis. 1895-1990. US social critic. Must restore human moral values. The City in History 1961.

Myanmar. (Burma). Pyu. Mons. 849 Pagan kingdom. 1287 Mongol. 1303-1605 Split. 1852(S)/1886(N) British under India. 1948 Independent. 1974 Socialist republic. 1988 Military coup, dictatorship. 1989 = Myanmar. 1990 elections nullified. Suu Kyi.

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