James I. 1208-76. King of Aragon 1213-. Conquered Balearic Is. 1229-35. Drove Moors from Valencia.

Jaurès, Jean. 1859-1914. French socialist leader. L’Armée nouvelle 1910.

Joliot-Curie, Frédéric. 1900-58, and Irène. 1897-1956. Discovered Uranium fission 1934. Artificial radioactive substances.

Josquin des Prés. c1445-1521. Flemish composer of motets and masses. Advanced musical expressiveness. -“Father of Musicians”.

Judicial. Branch of US government. Supreme and lower courts can invalidate Acts of Congress.

Kekraps. Phoenician King. Legendary founder of Athens.

Kelvin, Lord. 1824-1907. British engineer/ mathematician. Absolute temperature scale. Thermodynamic theory.

Kerensky, Aleksandr. 1881-1970. Russian Revolutionary leader. Prime Minister 1917. Liberal Socialist Provisional government.

Kerensky Offensive. 1917. Failed attack on Germans in Galicia by Kerensky Provisional government.

Kiangsi Soviet. 1931-4. Chinese Communist Provincial government vs Nationalists under Mao. Long March.

Kingsley, Charles. 1819-75. English didactic social novelist/clergyman. Alton Locke 1850. Water Babies 1863. Founded Christian Socialism.

Kitchen Cabinet. A. Jackson’s unofficial advisers.

Labour Party. 1888 Scotland. 1890 NZ. 1891 Australia. 1900 Britain. 1930 Israel. Founded by unions, Fabians for democratic change towards socialism. First UK MPs elected 1906. First UK Labour government 1924.

Lagrange, Louis. 1736-1813. French mathematician. Analysis of mechanical systems. Celestial mechanics.

Land League. 1879. Irish association to reduce rents. Agitated for Home Rule. Parnell.

Laplace, Pierre. 1749-1827. French mathematician, astronomer. Celestial mechanics 1779-1825. Solar system origin from condensed gas.

Largo Caballero, Francisco. 1869-1946. Spanish socialist Prime Minister, 1936-7. Radical polemics led to Civil War.

Lassalle, Ferdinand. 1825-64. German Socialist. 1848 Revolutionary Movement.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Lebensraum. “Living Space”. Nazi expansionist objective, 1936-.

Legendre, Adrien. 1752-1833. French mathematician. Irrationality of pi, 1794. Elliptical integrals, 1786.

Leibniz, Gottfried. 1646-1716. German philosopher, mathematician. Invented differential and integral calculus1675, binary arithmetic 1703. Multiplication machine 1671.

Leisler’s Rebellon. 1689-91. NY vs Catholic officials.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

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