Guilds. 11C-. Associations of merchants and craftsmen creating monopolistic protection.

Hamilton, William Rowan. 1805-65. Irish mathematician. Unification of optics and dynamics. Quaternion Theory.

Han. 202BC-220. Chinese dynasty. Promoted Confucianism, education, culture, bureaucracy. KaoTsu.

Han Wu Ti. 156-87BC. Chinese Emperor 140-. Confucianism as state religion. Exam system for civil service used to 20C.

Hansard. 1774-. Official British parliamentary report.

Heine, Heinrich. 1797-1856. German lyric satirical Socialist poet. Young Germany. Lorelei. Atta Troll 1843-5.

Heptarchy. 5-9C. Seven kingdoms of Anglo-Saxon England: Kent, Essex, Sussex, Wessex, Mercia, E. Anglia, Northumbria. Frequent wars.

Heron of Alexandria. 1C. Greek mathematician. Area of triangle. Metrica.

Hess. Rudolph. 1894-1987. German Nazi leader. Flew to Scotland, 1941. Sentenced to life at Nuremberg.

Hindemith, Paul. 1895-1963. German Gebrauchmusik movement composer. Music as social expression.

Hindi. Official language of India.

Hippocrates. 460-370BC. Greek physician. Separated medicine from superstition. Established medical schools. “Diseases due to natural causes”.

Hitler, Adolf. 1889-1945. Austrian/German Nazi Chancellor 1933-, dictator 1934-. Expansionist policies led to WWII. Mein Kampf 1925.

Holmes, Oliver Wendell. 1841-1935. US Supreme Court Justice 1902-32. Law as social instrument.

Holocaust. 1939-45. Nazi killing of of Jews, minorities, opponents and POWs in concentration camps. Final Solution. 5.8 million Jews and 5-11 million non-Jews.

Humanae Vitae. 1968. Pope Paul VI Encyclical against artificial birth control.

Huygens, Christiaan. 1629-95. Dutch physicist, mathematician. Discovered Saturn’s rings 1655. Pendulum clock 1657. Centripetal force 1659. Conservation of Energy 1669. Wave theory of light 1678.

Ibsen, Henrik. 1828-1906. Norwegian social and psychological dramatist. Peer Gynt 1867. Doll’s House 1879. Hedda Gabler 1890.

Ice Age. Last period of glaciation, c75000-8350BC.

Iceni. PreRoman British peoples in East Anglia. 60 Boadicia revolted vs Rome.

Independent Treasury. 1846-1913. US financial system not using private banks. Federal Reserve System.

International. Socialist revolutionary workers movements. First. 1864-76. Founded by Marx in London. Second. 1889-1914. Paris. IFTU. Revived in 1920s. Third. 1919-43. =COMINTERN. Stalin’s Vehicle for world-wide Communist Revolution. Fourth. 1938-53. Trotsky’s Transitional Program for reform.

Irish Republican Army. IRA. 1919-. For a unified independent Ireland by terrorism (Provisional Wing) or by democratic means (Officials). Opposed Allies in WWII. Terrorism 1921-40, 1969-. Outlawed in Eire 1930, 36, 74. Sinn Fein.

Islam. =Muhammadism. 7C-. Monotheistic religion based on Koran. 1/6 of world’s population, especially north Africa, Middle East, SW Asia. Sunni. Shi’ite. Caliphate Empire.

Jagirdar System. 13C-. Indian feudal system granting tax revenues to officials.

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