Op art. 20C style incorporating optical illusion of movement. Vasarely. Riley.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orange Free State. 1820 Boer colony. 1848 British. 1854 Independent. 1900 British. 1910 Union of South Africa. Boer War.

Oregon Question. 1818-46. Britain vs US on Canadian border. Treaty established 49°N 1846.

Orestes. Electra’s brother. Killed mother and her lover to avenge death of his father, Agamemnon.

Oriskany, Battle. 1777. British ambush Americans.

Orléans. 1344-. Branch of French Valois and Bourbons.

Osler, William. 1849-1919. Canadian/British physician. Blood platelets 1873. Principles and Practice of Medicine 1892.

Oswald. St. -641. King 633-, reunited Northumbria.

Oswy. -670. King of Bernicia 641-, Northumbria 655-. United most of S. England.

Ottawa Conference. 1932. British Empire creates Imperial Preference during Depression.

Oxford University. 1115. Celebrated center of English learning. Charter 1214. Modelled on University of Paris.

Paget, James. 1814-99. British surgeon. Trichinosis 1834.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Paix des Dames. Cambrai Treaty. 1529. Francis I’s mother and Charles V’s aunt negotiate halt to Italian Wars.

Pakistan. 25C BC Indus civilization. 15C BC Aryan. 6C Achaemenid. 326 Alexander. 4C BC Maurya Empire. c50 AD Kushan. 4C Gupta. 5C Hun. 8C Moslem. 11C Turks. 1206 Delhi Sultanate. 1526 Mogul. 1780 Sikh. 1840 British India. 1947 Independent. 1956 Islamic Republic. 1971 -Bangladesh.

Palestine. Holy land of Jews, Christians, Moslems. 2100BC Amorites invade. 18C BC Hyksos. 16C Hebrews settle. 1500 Egypt. 142 Maccabees. 63BC Rome...5C Byzantine. 614 Persia. 640 Moslem. 1099 Latin Kingdom. 1187 Saladin. 1291 Mameluk. 16C Ottoman. 1917 Britain. 1920 British under League of Nations mandate. 1947 Partition, Independent Israel.

Palladian. Classical Roman British architecture. 1615-35 and 1715-60. Inigo Jones. Palladio.

Palladio, Andrea. 1508-80. Italian architect. Reintroduced Roman symmetry and proportion to Venetian villas. Suspension Bridge 1550. Architecture 1570.

Panama Scandal. 1892. Bribery of French Chamber of Deputies discovered re 1888 Lesseps Panama loan. Discredited Clemenceau’s radicals.

Pangkor Engagement. 1874. Treaty with Perak established British rule in Malaya.

Papineau, Louis. 1786-1871. French-Canadian nationalist. Led 1837 revolt vs Britain in Lower Canada.

Papua New Guinea. New Guinea. SE: 1884 British. 1906 Australia = Papua. NE: 1884 German. 1914 Australian mandate. 1949 united. 1975 Independent.

Paraguayan War. 1864-70. Paraguay decimated by Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay. Reduced population from 525K to 193K women and 28K men.

Paramountcy, Doctrine of. 19C. British East India Company claims right to intervene if any state is misgoverned.

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