Paré, Ambroise. 1510-90. Father of modern surgery. -“I apply the dressing. God heals the wound.” Invented articulating artificial limbs 1540.

Paris, Congress. 1856. Austria, France, Britain, Russia, Ottomans, Sardinia end Crimean War.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Parliament. British Monarch, House of Lords and Commons. 1295 Model Parliament. 1688 Glorious Revolution. 1911 Parliament Act. Curia Regis. Name of legislatures of most former British colonies.

Partisans. Armed resistance in occupied territory. Yugoslav resistance under Tito, 1941-5.

Passchendaele, Battle. 1917 Limit of British/Canadian advance WWI, Ypres. 300,000 casualties. 1918 Germans first use of mustard gas.

Patay, Battle. 1429. French rout British. Charles VII crowned. Orléans. Joan of Arc.

Pedro I. 1798-1834. First Emperor of Brazil 1822-31. Declared independence from Portugal. = Pedro IV of Portugal.

Pedro II. 1825-91. Last Emperor of Brazil 1831-89. Slavery abolished by Isabel as Princess Regent, 1888, led to overthrow.

Penfield, Wilder. 1891-1976. Canadian brain surgeon: Cerebral Cortex of Man.

Peninsular War. 1808-14. British, Spanish, Portuguese under Wellington defeat French in Iberian Peninsula.

Pequot War. 1636-7. British annihilate North American Pequot tribe.

Perceval, Spencer. 1762-1812. Only British Prime Minister assassinated in office.

Peter II. 1923-70. King of Yugoslavia 1934-45. Deposed in exile by Tito.

Peterhouse. 1284. First Cambridge college.

Petit Pont. 1852. Bridge across Seine at site of original Roman crossing.

Petition of Rights. 1628. Accepted by Charles I, limiting British monarch’s powers.

Petrie, Flinders. 1853-1942. British archeologist. Sequential dating method.

Philby, Kim. 1912-88. British/Soviet double agent 1933-51. Escaped to USSR 1963. My Secret War 1968.

Philippi, Battle. 42BC. Antony and Octavian beat republicans Brutus and Cassius.

Philippines. 1521 Magellan discovers. 1565 Spanish conquer. 1762-64 British occupy. 1898 US. 1935 Commonwealth. 1941-11 Japan occupies. 1946 Republic. 1973 Marcos dictator. 1986 Democracy. MacArthur.

Phoenix Park Murders. 1882. British Secretary and Undersecretary of Ireland killed by terrorists.

Pillars of Hercules. Rock of Gibraltar and Jebel Musa.

Pindar. c522-443BC. Greek Epicurean lyric poet of odes celebrating athletic victories.

Pinkerton, Allan. 1819-84. Scottish/US founder first US detective agency 1850. Foiled plot vs Lincoln 1861.

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