Abjuration, Act. 1581. Dutch declaration of independence from Spain. Republic 1588.

Abstract Art. 20C. Color, line and form without subject. Begun by Cezanne.

Achilles. Greek hero of Trojan Wars, invulnerable except for his heel, subject of Homer’s Iliad.

Alaric II. -507. King of Visigoths 484-, beaten by Clovis, 507. Law code 506 for Roman subjects.

Ali Pasha. 1741-1822. Turkish governor of Greece. Byron’s “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” subject.

Animism. Belief of a spirit within all objects.

Barbizon. 19C French objective style of painting landscapes from nature; influenced Impressionists. Millet, Diaz.

Bekhtrev, Vladmir. 1857-1927. Extended Pavlov’s Conditioned Response theory. Objective Psychology, 1910.

Bernard of Chartres. -c1130. French Neoplatonic Idealist philosopher. Real world of eternal ideas vs apparent world of material objects.

Bjorko Treaty. 1905. Unimplemented military alliance between German Wilhelm II and Russian Nicholas II.

Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne. 1832-1910. Norwegian poet, novelist: Kongen 1877, National anthem.

Bjørnsson, Sveinn. 1881-1952. First President of Iceland Republic, 1944-.

Bliss, Arthur. 1891-1975. English subjective composer. Colour Symphony 1922.

Bonivard, François de. 1494-1570. Prior of St. Victori, Geneva. Reformer, imprisonned at Chillon, 1530-4. Subject of Byron poem.

Chillon Castle. 900-1200. Mostly built by Peter II of Savoy. Subject of Byron poem.

Conceptualism. Reality has no objective existence; it is a concept in the mind. Abelard.

Expressionism. 20C Literary style expressing essence of subject by exaggerating characteristics. Sounds and symbols. Joyce. Kafka. O’Neill. Woolf. Beckman.

Ezzelino III da Ramono. 1194-1259. Cruel ruler of northern Italy. Subject of Dante’s Inferno.

Finn MacCool. 3C. Leader of Irish warriors, subject of Fenian legends.

Functionalism. 1924-45. Architectural movement of Le Corbusier. Austere objects perfected to carry out their function.

Harun-ar-Rashid. c764-809. Abbasid Caliph, 786-. Subject of One Thousand and One Nights.

Idealism. Artistic school of thought holding the aesthetic ideal more important than the representation of the subject. vs Realism.

Iguala, Plan de. 1821. Stated 3 objectives of Mexican Independence movement. Ignored by issuer, Iturbide, when he became Emperor.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Irredentists. 1878. Italian political party with object of incorporating neighbouring regions.

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