Land Decree. 1917. Confiscation of private property in Russia.

Land League. 1879. Irish association to reduce rents. Agitated for Home Rule. Parnell.

Langhans, Carl. 1732-1808. German architect. Brandenburg Gate 1789.

Lansdowne, Henry. 1845-1927. British statesman. Governor General of Canada, India. Secretary of War 1895-1900.

Laos. 14C Buddhist Lan Xang. 18C Vientiane(C)/ Luang Prabang(N)/ Champassak(S). 19C Siam. 1893 French protectorate. 1942 Japanese occupy. 1946 French. 1953 Independent...civil wars. 1975 Lao People’s Democratic Republic. 1991 New Constitution and freedoms.

Lapse, Doctrine of. British East India Company claimed control of any state where direct royal line ended causing Indian Mutiny 1857. Dalhousie.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Lateran. Complex of 3 buildings in Rome. 16C Palace was papal residence to1309.

Lateran Synod. 1059. Papal election procedure.

Lateran Treaty. 1929. Established Vatican as sovereign state.

Lauderdale, John. 1616-82. Scottish statesman. Cabal Ministry. Repressive rule of Scotland.

Lavater, Johann. 1741-1801. Swiss father of physiognomics, 1775.

League of Nations. 1920-46. Versailles. For everlasting peace. Idea of US, who did not join. Germany 1926-33. Maximum 63 nations. Failed 1931 when Japan attacked Manchuria. USSR expelled1939. Dissolved 1946. Mandates.

Lebanon. 25C BC Phoenicia. 6C BC Persia. 332 Alexander. 64BC Rome. 5C Byzantine. 7C Moslems, Maronite Christians. 11C Druse(S). 1516 Ottoman. 1861 Christian autonomy under Ottomans. 1920 French mandate. 1926 Republic under France. 1943 Independent republic. 1975-91 Civil war.

Leclerc, Jacques-Philippe. 1902-47. French WWII resistance leader. Led 1500 mile march to liberate Paris, 1944.

Lee, Richard. 1732-94. US Continental Congressman. Opposed Constitution, advocated Bill of Rights.

Lee, Robert E. 1807-70. Brilliant Confederate general. Captured John Brown. Surrender at Appomatox ended Civil War.

Leipzig Debate. 1519. Luther vs Eck. Both claim victory.

Lenin, Vladimir Illyich. 1870-1924. Russian Bolshevik revolutionary. Dictator 1917-. Created authoritarian, elite, disciplined organization.

Leningrad Affair. 1948. Purge of Zhdanov associates by Stalin.

Leninism. Applied Dialectical Materialism. World Proletariat Revolution. Dictatorship of the Proletariat, then transition to Communism. Authoritarian conspiratorial elite conscious of imperative of history. “Freedom in discussion-unity in action”.

Leo IX, St. 1002-54. Pope 1049-. Excommunicated Cerularius, causing East-West Schism.

Leo X. 1475-1521. Pope 1513-. Excommunicated Luther. Depleted treasury.

Leo XIII. 1810-1903. Pope 1878-. Rerum Novarum 1891: right to private property. Ended opposition to scientific progress. Longest papal rule.

Leopold III. 1901-83. King of Belgians 1934-51. German prisoner 1940-5. Abdicated.

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