Lepidus, Marcus. -c77BC. Roman consul. Opposed Sulla’s reforms, 78. Defeated by Pompey in Etruria.

Lese Majesty. Crime against state or its ruler. Treason.

Lexington and Concord, Battle. 1775. First American Revolution battle. British march on Concord supply depot. Established guerilla warfare as colonist strategy. 273 British, 95 Americans killed. Paul Revere.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Li Tzu-ch’eng. 1605-45. Chinese rebel. Overthrew Ming dynasty 1644. Defeated by Manchu.

Lidice. 1942. Czech village annihilated by Nazis in retaliation for Heydrich assassination.

Ligurian Republic. 1797-99, 1801-5. Genoese state formed by Napoleon.

Liluokalani. 1838-1917. Last Hawaiian queen 1891-5. Abdicated. Aloha Oe.

Limited Liability. 19C. Sale of limited liability stock stimulated Industrialization.

Lincoln, Abraham. 1809-65. US Republican president 1861-. Civil War. Gettysburg. Emancipation Proclamation. Assassinated. Booth.

Linnaeus, Carolus. 1707-78. Swedish botanist. Created Latin genus/species naming convention. Systema Naturae 1735. Philosophia Botanica 1751. Classified Homo Sapiens 1766.

List, Friedrich. 1789-1846. German economist. Advocated protectionism. National System of Political Economy 1846.

Liu Shao-ch’i. 1898-1969. Chinese head of state 1959-. Denounced 1966,8. Rehabilitated 1980.

Livius Andronicus. c284-204BC. Roman epic poet. Translated Greek plays, Odyssey.

Lloyd George, David. 1863-1945. British Liberal Prime Minister,1916-22. Unemployment insurance. Irish Free State. War cabinet, 1916.

Lloyd’s. English insurance society created in Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House 1688.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

London Pact. 1914. Britain France Russia agree to no separate peace with Central Powers.

Lönrott, Elias. 1802-84. Finnish. Compiled folk verses to create Kalevala 1835,49.

Loretto. Italy. 1295. Virgin Mary’s house miraculously translated from Nazareth.

Lotus Eaters. African peoples of Odyssey who were forgetful and idle.

Louis I. 1786-1868. King of Bavaria 1825-48. Abdicated 1848 due to Lola Montez.

Louis-Philippe. 1773-1850. French King 1830-48. 1790 Jacobin liberal who became absolutist monarch. Supported by bourgeoisie, defeated by workers in Revolt.

Louise of Savoy. 1476-1531. Mother of Francis I. Negotiated Treaty of Cambrai.

Louisiana. 1643 French LaSalle claims. 1719 Mississippi Company. 1762 England cedes to Spain. 1801 France (San Ildefonso Treaty). 1803 US purchase. 1812 18th State.

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