Bucharest, Treaty. 1812. Ended Russo-Turkish War. 1886. Serbia restores Rumelia to Bulgaria. 1913. Settled 2nd Balkan War. 1918. Romania capitulates to Central Powers. Voided by Allied victory.

Buffons, War of. 1752. Paris intellectuals debate Italian vs French opera. Rousseau.

Bukharin, Nikolay. 1888-1938. Russian Bolshevik. Shot in Stalin’s Purge. Rehabilitated 1988.

Bull Run, Battles. 1861,2. Confederate victories.

Burbage, James. 1531-97. Built first English theatre 1576. Later rebuilt as Globe.

Burke, Edmund. 1729-97. English conservative writer, traditionalist political philosopher. Advocated emancipation of American colonies. Founded Annual Register 1758. Reflections on Revolution in France 1790.

Burkina Faso. (Upper Volta). 11C Bobo. 14C Mossi(E)/Gourma(C)...Kingdoms of Yatanga, Ouagadouga. 1895(E)/97(C) French protectorate. 1904 French Sudan. 1919 French colony. 1932-47 Divided Ivory Coast/Niger/French Sudan. 1948 French Territory. 1960 Independent. 1984 =Burkina Faso.

Byzantine Empire. 395-1453. Eastern Roman Empire. Reduced by: 634 Caliphate Empire, 1042 Seljuks, 1204 Crusaders’ Latin Empire, 1453 Ottoman Empire.

Cabiri. Phrygian, later Greek fertility cult gods: Demeter, Hermes, Persephone.

Caesar, Julius. 100-44BC. Roman general. 58BC conquered Gaul. 55BC Invaded Britain. 49BC Crossed Rubicon. Established Julian calendar. de Bello Gallico 51BC. Assassinated.

California. 1542 Spain. 1769 Spanish colonize. Serra. 1822 Mexico. 1848 US. 1850 State.

Caliphate Empire. 632-1258. Moslem Empire founded by Muhammad. From Afghanistan to north Africa and Spain. Umayyad. Abbasid.

Callicrates. Greek. An architect of Parthenon.

Calvinism. New concept of work. Diligence, frugality, beyond satisfaction of material needs. Predestination. Strict Rectitude. Presbyterianism. Calvin. Remonstrants.

Canterbury, Archbishop. 597-. Primate of all England. Leader of Anglican church world-wide.

Capital Punishment. Abolished: 1863 Venezuela; 1870 Netherlands; 1877 Costa Rica; 1949 Germany; 1965 Britain; 1969 Vatican City; 1972 US (reinstated 1976); 1976 Canada; 1981 France; (96 countries). Retained: Iran, Iraq, N Korea, USA (95 countries).

Capitalism. System of private ownership of property and industry for profit. Free enterprise. Smith.

Caravaggist School of Painting. Themes of courtesan, cheaters. e.g. George de la Tour.

Carib. Warlike natives of Amazon Basin. 15C conquered Arawak. Cannibals. Decimated by disease. St Vincent.

Carnegie, Andrew. 1835-1919. Scottish/US steel magnate, philanthropist.

Carnot, Sadi. 1837-94. President of the Third French Republic, 1887-. Assassinated.

Carol II. 1893-1953. Dictatorial Romanian king 1930-40. Abdicated after losing territory to Russia.

Carrera, Rafael. 1814-65. Guatemala revolutionary. Dictator 1840-. Ended CAF, Guatemala independent.

Carrhae, Battle. 53BC. Failed Roman invasion of Parthia. Crassus killed. End of first triumvirate.

Carter, Elliott. 1908-. US composer. Experimental approach to material and structure.

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