Carthage. 814BC Phoenician colony. Dido. 574BC Independence after Tyre falls. 480BC Republic. 264-146BC Punic Wars. Hannibal. 146BC Rome razes, rebuilds. 439 Vandals plunder. 533 Byzantine. 705 Moslem. Tunis.

Cateau-Cambresis, Treaty. 1559. Ended Italian Wars. Italy, Savoy to Spain. Calais to France.

Catesby, Robert. 1573-1605. Planned Gunpowder Plot.

Catiline. 109-62BC. Roman patrician who conspired against Cicero and the Senate.

Cato, Marcus. 234-149BC. Roman statesman, censor, writer. Opposed Greek influence.

Cato St. Conspiracy. 1820. Thistlewood plot to assassinate cabinet ministers.

Catulus, Gaius. 3C BC. Roman General. Defeated Carthage. Ended First Punic War.

Cavendish, Henry. 1731-1810. English chemist, physicist. Disc. hydrogen, 1766. Synthesis of water.

Ceausescu, Nicolae. 1918-89. Repressive Romanian dictator, 1965-. Advocated independence from USSR and western ties. Economic policy led to food, energy shortages. Overthrown and executed.

Celestine V, St. 1209-96. Founded Celestines 1264. 1294 First Pope to abdicate. Imprisoned by Boniface VIII.

Central America Federation. 1823-40. Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica.

Ceuta. c12C BC Phoenicia. 1C BC Rome. 5C Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 618 Visigoth. 711 Moslem. 1415 Portugal. 1580 Spain. 1810 Britain. 1814 Spain.

Chad. 7C Sao. 11C Kanem. 14-16C Kanem, Bornu dispute...16C Bornu. 1808 Hausa. 1897 French protectorate. 1910 French colony «French Equatorial Africa. 1960 Independent republic.

Chaeronea, Battle. 338BC. Philip of Macedon defeats Greek city-states.

Chamberlain, Austen. 1863-1937. British Statesman. Locarno Pact.

Chamberlain, Neville. 1869-1940. English statesman, Prime Minister, 1937-40. Appeasement Policy towards Hitler. Munich Agreement.

Chaos. Greek mythical pre-creation state of universe.

Chapman, George. c1559-1634. English poet, playwright: Bussy d’Ambois 1607. Translated Homer.

Charles I. 1600-49. King of Great Britain and Ireland. 1625-. Attempted to rule without Parliament. Defeated in Civil War. Beheaded.

Château Clique. Small merchant group dominated government of Lower Canada to 1830s.

Chateaubriand. 1768-1848. French Romantic writer: d’Atala 1801. Memoirs d’outre-tombe.

China. T’ang(leg). Yü (leg). c1994BC Hsia. c1500 Shang. c1027 Chou. 481 Warring States. 221 Ch’in. 202BC Han. 220 AD Three Kingdoms. 265 Chin. 386 Northern Dyn(N)/420 Southern Dyn(S). 581 Sui rebuild. 618 T’ang. 10C Five dyn/Ten kingdoms. 960 Sung. 1279 Yüan (Mongol). 1368 Ming. 1644 Ch’ing (Manchu). 1912 Republic. 1938-44 Japanese occupation. 1949 People’s Republic.

Chocolate. 1519 Cortes brings to Spain 1657 first Chocolate House. 1847 Fry: bars. 1875 Peter: Milk Chocolate.

Chou En-lai. 1898-1976. Chinese moderate Communist Prime Minister 1949-.

Christina. 1629-89. Swedish queen 1632-54. Abdicated. Patron of Arts.

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