Soult, Nicolas. 1769-1851. French chief of staff at Waterloo, Ulm, Austerlitz.

South Africa. 1910 Britain unites possessions: Cape of Good Hope + Natal + Orange Free State + Transvaal = Union of South Africa. Constitution included white supremacy. 1920 +German South-West Africa by mandate. 1948 Apartheid. 1961 = Republic of South Africa; left Commonwealth. 1990 -Namibia 1994 ANC gains power.

South Sea Bubble. 1711-20. England sold trade monopolies to reduce National Debt. Their resale at speculative prices led to financial ruin for thousands. George I implicated. Walpole.

Sovereign. 1503-1917. English coin worth 22s6d, later 10s, 11s, £1.

Spain. c3000BC Iberians. c11C BC Phoenicians. c10C Celts. 6C Basques. c5C Carthage. 3C BC Rome. 5C Vandals, Visigoths. 711 Moslems. 801 Charlemagne. 10C independent kingdoms of Castile, León, Aragon, Navarre. 1031-1492 Reconquista. 1143 Portugal independent. 1479 Aragon, Castile unite. 1492 Moors final defeat. 1512 + Navarre =Spain. 1808 Napoleon. 1898 -Philippines, Cuba, Puerto Rico. Spanish American War. 1931 Republic. 1936 Civil War. 1939 Franco. 1975 Parliamentary Monarchy. ETA. New Spain.

Spanish Sahara. 1884 Protectorate. 1958 Spanish province. 1976 Mauritania/Morocco. Western Sahara.

Sparta. 9C BC-396. A dominant Greek city-state 6-4C BC. Peloponnesian War defeated rival Athens. 396 Visigoths destroy.

Spartacus. -71BC. Leader of slaves revolt against Rome 73BC. Defeated and killed by Crassus. Servile War.

Spencer, Diana. 1961-97. Beloved Princess of Wales 1981-. 1992 Separated. 1996 Divorced.

Speranski, Mikhail. 1772-1839. Russian adviser of Czar Alexander I. Reform advocate, law code compiler.

Spinoza, Baruch. 1632-77. Dutch Rationalist philosopher. Criticized scriptures. Excommunicated by Jews. God and nature are one. Determinist. Pantheist. God and Nature 1659. Ethics 1665.

Spiritualists, Greater World. 1931. Christian sect communicating with the dead.

SPQR Senatus Populusque Romanus. = The Senate and People of Rome.

Sputnik. 1957. Russia launches first artificial satellite.

St Albans Raid. 1864. Confederates attack Vermont from Canada.

St-Germain, Treaty. 1570 French Wars of Religion. 1919 Created Republic of Austria.

St John, Henry. 1678-1751. British statesman, writer.

Stair, First earl. 1648-1707. Scottish under-secretary of state to William III. Approved Glencoe Massacre.

Stanhope, James. 1673-1721. English general. Negotiated Triple, Quadruple Alliances.

Stanislavsky, Konstantin. 1863-1938. Russian director. Founded Moscow Art Theater 1898. Method Acting.

Stanley, Henry. 1841-1904. British/US explorer in Africa 1868-95. Found Livingstone 1871. Founded Congo Free State.

Star Chamber. 1327-1641. English tribunal to try offences against the state. Abused by Charles I.

Stasi.1949-1990. East German secret police affiliated with KGB.

States General. French Representative Assembly. 1302 First summoned by Philip IV. 14-15C Controlled taxes; failed to control government. 1789 last summoned by Louis XVI. 1=Clergy. 2=Nobility. 3=Bourgeoisie.

States’ Rights. US political doctrine. Restricts federal power.

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