Jones, John Paul. 1747-92. Scottish/American US Revolutionary naval hero. -“I have not yet begun to fight”.

Jonestown Massacre. 1978. 913 followers of US cult leader James Jones commit suicide in Guyana.

Jongleurs. French medieval wandering entertainers.

Jonson, Ben. 1572-1637. English poet, dramatist: Drink to me Only with Thine Eyes. Every Man in his Humour 1601. Alchemist 1610. 1598 escaped gallows by Benefit of Clergy.

Jordaens, Jacob. 1593-1678. Flemish painter. Boisterous scenes of peasant life. Allegory 1625.

Jordan. 13C BC Hebrew(W). 6C BC Nabataean(E). 4C Seleucid(N)/Ptolemy(S). 63BC Rome. 637 Moslem. 1918 British mandate, Hashimite kingdom. 1946 Independent Transjordan. 1949 = Jordan.

Jorgensen, Christine. 1926-89. First m-f sex change patient, 1952.

Jorn, Asger. 1914-73. Danish Imaginist artist. Lettre à mon Fils 1957. L’avangarde se rende pas 1962.

Joseph, St. Husband of Mary, mother of Jesus.

Joseph I. 1678-1711. Holy Roman Emperor 1705-. Supported Charles VI vs France in War of Spanish Succession.

Joseph II. 1741-90. Holy Roman Emperor, 1765-. Enlightened despot. Edict of Tolerance. Dominated by mother, Maria Theresa -1780.

Joseph of Arimathea, St. Buried Jesus in his own tomb. By legend, brought Holy Grail to England.

Josephus, Flavius. 37-100. Jewish soldier/historian. History of the Jewish Wars 75-9.

Joshua. Old Testament hero. Led conquest of Canaan. Destroyed Jericho.

Josquin des Prés. c1445-1521. Flemish composer of motets and masses. Advanced musical expressiveness. -“Father of Musicians”.

Joule, James. 1818-89. English physicist. Mechanics of energy. Law of Conservation of Energy. Energy unit, 1843.

Jourdan, Jean. 1762-1833. French Revolutionary marshal. Introduced conscription 1798. Victor at Fleurus.

Jowett, Benjamin. 1817-93. English scholar. Translated Dialogues of Plato 1871.

Joyce, James. 1882-1941. Innovative Irish writer in Stream of Consciousness style. Experimented with linguistic techniques. Dubliners 1914. Portrait of the Artist 1916. Ulysses 1922. Finnegan’s Wake 1939.

Juan Carlos I. 1938-. Spanish king 1975-. Son of Carlist pretender Don Juan. Withstood coup, 1981.

Juárez, Benito. 1806-72. Mexican hero. Leader 1855~. Overthrew Santa Anna. La Reforma.

Judaism. Monotheistic religion founded by Abraham, who had covenant with God. Branches include: Orthodox. 19C-. Rigorous adherence to original Jewish Law; Rabbinic. 70-18C. Priest replaced by Rabbi. Sacrifice...Study of Torah. Temple...Synagogue; Reform. 19C. Modern liberal interpretation of Judaism. Hasidism. Mishna. Moses.

Jude, St. Apostle of Jesus. Martyred in Persia.

Judicial. Branch of US government. Supreme and lower courts can invalidate Acts of Congress.

Julian Calendar. 45BC-1582. Julius Caesar’s 90 day correction to calendar. Changed to 365.25 day year. Corrected by Gregory. Christian Era.

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