Julian Era. 45BC to present.

Julian the Apostate. 331-63. Roman Emperor 361-. Proclaimed religious toleration. Attempted to make Paganism the state religion.

Juliana. 1909-. Queen of Netherlands 1948-80.

Julius II. 1443-1513. Pope 1503-. Joined Holy League vs France. Patron of Michelangelo, Raphael. Swiss Guards.

July Ordinances. 1830. Charles X attempts to censor press and alter electoral process causing July Revolution.

July Revolution. 1830. France. Thiers. Charles X abdicates and flees to England. Louis-Philippe ascends. Caused by July Ordinances.

Junkers. Prussian landowner class. Dominated admin., military.

Juno. Roman goddess of women and marriage. = Hera. Frigg.

Junta. Emergency administrative council. Often after an overthrow of existing government.

Jupiter. (Jove). Roman chief god. = Zeus.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Jutes. Germanic tribe who invaded England 5C. Established Canterbury.

Jutland, Battle. 1916. Jellicoe’s indecisive attempt to trap German fleet.

Juvenal. c60-127. Romanic stoic poet: Satires.

Ka’bah. Shrine in Great Mosque. Moslem Hijrah pilgrimage objective. Contains Black Stone of Mecca given to Adam to absorb his sins. Kidnaped 930-950.

Kadar, János. 1912-89. Hungarian Prime Minister 1956~65. Communist First Secretary.

Kadet. 1905-17. Russian moderate party in Duma.

Kaffir Wars. 1779-1879. Bantu vs British in South Africa. Cape Frontier Wars.

Kafka, Franz. 1883-1924. Czech introspective writer. Alienation of modern man. The Trial 1925. The Castle 1926. Published posthumously.

Kagawa. 1888-1960. Japanese Christian pacifist evangelist writer/labour leader. National Anti-War League 1928.

Kahlo, Frida. 1907-54. Mexican painter in brilliant colors. Self portraits. Rivera.

Kali. Hindu goddess of death and destruction.

Kalidasa. 5C. Indian dramatist. Sakuntala.

Kaliningrad. 1946- On site of Königsberg, destroyed 1945. Russian enclave surrounded by Poland, Lithuania.

Kalmyks. Nomadic Mongolian peoples. 17C Settled Lower Volga. 1771 Forced back at great loss of life. 1945 Exiled to Siberia. 1957 Restored.

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