Alexis. 1629-76. Russian czar 1645-. Recognized serfdom. Northern War. Peasant Revolt 1667-71.

Alexius I. 1048-1118. Byzantine Emperor 1081-. Restored empire. Requested aid. First Crusade.

Alfonso X (the Wise). 1221-84. King of León and Castile. Codified laws, first history of Spain.

Alfred the Great. 849-99. Saxon King of Wessex 871-. Resisted Danes 877-79 (Edington) + 892-96. Captured London 886. First British Navy 897.

Algeria. c2000BC Berber. 12C BC Phoenicia...9C BC Carthage. 146 BC Rome. 429 Vandal. 6C Byzantine. 7C Moslem. c1500 Spain. 1518 Ottoman. 1671 Independent. 1830 France. 1962 Independent.

Algerian Revolutionary War. 1954-62. Plebiscite granted independence from France, 1962.

Algerian War. 1831-46. France conquers Algeria.

Alhambra. 1238-58. Moorish palace at Granada.

Ali Pasha, Mehmed Emin. 1815-71. Reforming Ottoman Vizier.

Alia, Ramiz. 1925-. Albanian President 1982-92.

Alien and Sedition Acts. 1798-1800/02. US fear French Revolution. Forbade criticism of government. Abused by Federalists vs Republicans.

Allen, Ethan. 1738-89. Led Green Mountain Boys in American Revolution. Failed to take Montreal, 1775.

Alliance for Progress. 1961. Coordination of Latin American economies, resistance to communism.

Allies. WWI and WWII.

Allobroges. Celts who inhabited SE France; conq by Rome 121BC.

Alma, Battle. 1854 Crimean War. French and British defeat Russians at Sebastapol.

Almohads. 1130-1269. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Ibn Tumart.

Almoravids. 1055-1147. Berber dynasty in Morocco and Spain. Yusuf ibn Tashufin.

Alp-Arslan. c1030-72. Seljuk Sultan. Defeated Byzantines. Turks dominate Asia Minor.

Alphabet. 1500BC. Semitic invention developed through mnemonic, pictorial, ideographic, and phonetic stages.

Alphonsine Tables. 1252. Incorrect astronomical data on planets, based on geocentric system.

Alpini, Prospero. 1553-1616. Italian physician. Introduced coffee and bananas to Europe.

Alsace-Lorraine. Iron rich region along Rhine. 1C BC Rome. 5C Alemanni. 496 Franks. 870 German. 1648(A)/1766(L) French 1871 Prussia. 1919 France 1940 Germany. 1945 France.

Altdorfer, Albrecht. c1480-1538. German founder landscape painting.

Althing. 930~. Icelandic parliament. World’s oldest.

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