Althusius, Johannes. 1557-1638. German jurist. “Father of Federalism”.

Alto Adige. German speaking Tyrol area of Italy 1919-. Granted semi-independence, 1971.

Altranstadt, Peace. 1706 Sweden-Poland: Augustus renounces Polish throne. 1707 Sweden-HRE: HRE buys Swedish neutrality in War of Spanish Succession. 1714 Louis XIV-Charles VI.

Alvarado, Pedro de. c1486-1541. Spanish conquerer of Guatemala and El Salvador. Conquistador to Mexico.

Alvarez Quintero, Joaquin. 1873-1944, + Serafin 1871-1938. Spanish playwrights.

Alyscamps. Gallo Roman cemetery, Arles.

Amadeus VIII. Antipope Felix V 1439-49.

Amana Colonies. 1855. Successful Pietist communes in Iowa.

Amanollah Khan. 1892-1960. Amir of Afghanistan 1919-29. Won independence from Britain, 1919.

Amati. 16-17C. Italian family of violin makers-taught Stradivari.

Amboina Massacre. 1623. 20 British and Japanese merchants executed by Dutch for plotting overthrow.

Ambrose, St. c340-397. Bishop of Milan. Introduced Plainsong (chant) into church music.

America. Term coined 1507 by Waldseemüller after Amerigo Vespucci.

American Civil Liberties Union. ACLU. 1920-. US legal action group supporting civil rights.

American Civil War. 1861-5. Abolitionist North defeats slave-owning South. Britain and France support South, Russia supports North. Union. Confederacy.

American Colonization Society. 1816-1912. Transported blacks to Liberia.

American Expeditionary Force. US forces in WWI.

American Revolution. 1775-1783. Independence won from Britain, United States of America formed.

America’s Cup. 1851. Royal Yacht Squadron race won by Americans until 1983. Oldest international sports trophy.

Amiens, Mise of. 1264. Louis IX arbitrated annulment of Provisions of Oxford. Barons War.

Amiens, Treaty. 1527. Henry VIII, Francis I ally vs Charles V. 1802. England, France, Spain, Holland end French Revolutionary Wars. Britain cedes captured territory, gains Ceylon, Trinidad.

Amiens Cathedral. 1220-1270. Romanesque/Gothic.

Amin, Idi. c1926-. Uganda dictator 1971-9. Exile to France.

Amis, Kingsley. 1922-95. English novelist and poet. Angry Young Men. Lucky Jim 1954.

Amistad Affair. 1841. Slaves mutiny on Spanish ship. Sail to US. Declared free by US court.

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