Albuquerque, Afonso de. 1453-1515. Portuguese conquistador. Expanded empire.

Alcalá Zamora, Niceto. 1877-1949. President, Spanish Republic, 1931-6. Died in exile.

Alcamenes. c440BC. Greek sculptor; delicacy and finish.

Alchemy. Magic art of Egyptian origin attempting to transmute metals, esp lead to gold. Based on belief that all metals are a pure base metal + impurities which the philosopher’s stone can remove.

Alcibiades. c450-404BC. Athenian egoist general, Peloponnesian War. Murdered.

Alcmaeonidae. 7-5C BC. Prominent Athenian family. Pericles.

Alcock, John. 1892-1919. First non-stop transatlantic flight, 1919, with Brown.

Aldermaston March. 1958-64. Annual ‘Ban the Bomb’ demonstration of CND.

Aldine Editions. 1490-1597. Quality books printed by Aldo Manuzio and family, Venice.

Alecto. Fury of Anger.

Alemanni. 3-6C. Confederation of Germanic tribes in Swabia defeated by Clovis, 496.

Alembert, Jean Le Rand d’. 1717-83. French philosopher and mathematician, Encyclopaedist.

Alexander. 1876-1903. Serbian King, 1889-. Scandals, authoritarianism led to assassination.

Alexander. 1888-1934. Yugoslav King, 1921-. United Serbs, Croats, Slovenes as Yugoslavia 1929. Assassinated.

Alexander, Harold (of Tunis). 1891-1969. British. Supreme Allied Commander, Mediterranean 1944-45. Directed Dunkirk evacuation. Governor General of Canada, 1946-52.

Alexander I. 1777-1825. Russian Czar, 1801-. Liberal reformer. Defeated Napoleon. Holy Alliance.

Alexander II. 1818-81. Russian Czar 1855-. Emancipated serfs, 1861. Established elected assemblies, Zemstvo, settled Crimean War. Assassinated by Narodniki.

Alexander III. 1845-1894. Russian Czar 1881-. Established absolute rule using secret police. Temporary Rules. Franco-Russian Alliance.

Alexander III. Pope 1159-81. Instituted papal conclave to elect popes 1179.

Alexander VI. Pope. Demarcation Bull 1493 divided newly discovered land between Spain, Portugal. Tordesillas.

Alexander of Hales. -1245. English Franciscan Aristotelian philosopher, theologian. Summa Theologia 1246.

Alexander the Great. 356-323BC. Macedonian king 336-. Conquered an Asian empire to Persia and India.

Alexandra, Feodorovna. 1872-1918. Wife of Nicholas II of Russia. Controlled Gov’t during WWI. Cause of Revolution. Executed. Rasputin.

Alexandria. Founded 332BC by Alexander the Great. Centre of Hellenistic culture. Lighthouse one of Seven Wonders. 284BC Great Library of 700,000+ volumes. Fires 47BC, 391.

Alexandrian School. 2C. First Christian school of higher learning.

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