Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Lamaism. 1577-. Buddhist state religion of Tibet.

Naga. Hindu, Buddhist beings; ½ man, ½ serpent.

Nagarjuna. c150-250. Indian Buddhist. Founded Madhyamika school. Clarified concept of Emptiness.

Nirvana. Hindu and Buddhist final state of freedom.

Pure Land Buddhism. 4C China, Japan. Followers of Buddha saviour Amitabha (Amida, O-mi-t’o). Paradise for invoking his name.

Shinran. 1173-1262. Japanese Buddhist. Founded True Pure Land sect.

Six Dynasties. 220-589. Chinese period. Buddhism, Taoism, technical developments. Tea. Gunpowder.

Tantras. 6-7C Hindu, Buddhist holy books.

Tibet. 7C-838 Buddhist kingdom. 9C Divided. 1247 Mongol. 14C Yellow Hats established. 1642 5th Dalai Lama becomes ruler. 1715 Chinese suzerainty. 1792 Closed to foreigners. 1951 Autonomous within China. 1959 China crushes revolt. 1987~9 Riots vs Chinese rule.

Tibetan Buddhism. Yellow Hats. Dalai Lama.

White Lotus Rebellion. 1796-1804. China. Buddhists vs Manchu. Suppressed. Showed Ch’ing decline.

Yellow Hats. 14C. Monastic Tibetan Buddhist sect. Ruled 1642-1950. Dalai Lama.

Yoga. Hindu and Buddhist system of meditation, breathing and exercise to achieve spiritual enlightenment.

Yogacara. 2C- Mahayana meditative Buddhism. Only consciousness is real.