Holy Roman Empire. 962-1806. Germanic Empire with elected king. Successor to Western Roman Empire. Geographically: Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands, Austria; most of Italy, Bohemia; part of France. Hapsburg. Austrian Empire.

Italian Somaliland. 1890 Italy. 1936-41 WWII Colony. 1960 +British Somaliland =Somalia.

Italian Wars. 1494-1559. Spain, HRE defeat France for control of Italy.

Italo-Ethiopian War. 1935-6. Italy conquers Ethiopia. Demonstrated League of Nations ineffectiveness.

Italo-Turkish War. 1911-12. Italy gains Libya and Rhodes. 1911 First offensive use of airplane (vs Libya).

Italy. 1861 Kingdom. 1946 Republic. Rome. Cisalpine Republic. Florence. Lombardy. Sardinia. Sicily. Tuscany. Venice.

Justinian. 483-565. Eastern Roman Emperor, conquered Africa and Italy. Codified Roman law 529. Closed all non-Christian schools, beginning Dark Ages. Nika Riot. Corpus Juris Civilis. Hagia Sophia. Digest 553. Ulpian.

Kesselring, Albert. 1887-1960. German Commander-in-Chief in Italy, 1943. Delayed Allied victory. WWII.

Latium. Area in Central Italy inhabited by Latins.

Lausanne, Treaty. 1912. Turkey cedes Tripoli to Italy after Italo-Turkish War. 1932. Ended German WWI reparations despite US rejection.

Lindos. c700-408BC. Major Rhodes city. Colonized Spain and Italy.

Lodi, Battle. 1796. Napoleon defeats Austria in Italy.

Lombard League. 1167-1250. N Italy united vs HRE.

Lombards. Germanic people. 568 invaded Italy. 808 Jews formed banking system. 14C Commercial banks.

Lombardy. 5C BC Celt. c200BC Rome. 5C Ostrogoth. 568 Lombards. 774 Charlemagne. 9C Independent towns. 962 HRE. 12C L League. 1337 Milan. 1535 Spain 1713 Austria. 1796 French republic. 1814 Austria. 1859 Italy.

London Naval Conference. 1930. US, Britain, France, Japan, Italy, USA agree to limit battleships to 1936.

London Treaty. 1674 Holland, England end War. 1824 Netherlands, Britain for control of Malaya. 1827 Britain, France, Russia to force mediation on Turkey/Greek freedom fighters. 1831 Belgian War of Independence. 1832 Britain, France, Bavaria made Otto I, King of Greece. 1852 Danish Succession. 1867 Luxembourg independence granted. 1871 Ended neutrality of Black Sea. 1913 Ended first Balkan War. 1915 (Secret) Britain-France-Russia grant concessions to Italy for joining WWI allies. Revealed by Bolsheviks 1918.

Loretto. Italy. 1295. Virgin Mary’s house miraculously translated from Nazareth.

Louis II. The German. c822-76. King of East Carolingian Empire, 843-. Fought reuniting attempts. Checked Arab invasion of Italy.

Magenta, Battle. 1859. France, Piedmont defeat Austria creating Italian Unity. Carnage led to founding of Red Cross. Eponymous dye discovered 1859.

Magna Graecia. 8-6C BC. Greek colonies in S Italy. Cumae, Tarentum.

Mantua, Siege. 1796-7. Napoleon defeats Austria to rule Italy.

Marche. 10C Independent feudal state. 1631 Papal States. 1860 Italy.

Matsuoka, Yosuke. 1880-1946. Japanese foreign minister 1940. Tripartite Pact with Germany, Italy.

Mediterranean Agreements. 1887-92. Britain, Spain, Italy, Austria-Hungary. To preserve status quo.

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