Swinburne, Algernon. 1837-1909. English poet. Song of Italy.

Sybaris. 720-510BC. Wealthy decadent Greek city in Italy. Rebuilt twice.

Theodoric the Great. 455-526. King of Ostrogoths. Conquered Italy 493.

Thousand, Expedition of the. 1860. Garibaldi takes Sicily, Naples for Victor Emmanuel II.

Tithes. 10% tax paid to church. Implemented by Christians, 4C-9C. Enforced by law 8C; 10C England. Abolished: 1789 France, 1887 Italy, 1871 Ireland. 1836 England converted to rent and reduced; abolished 1936.

Totalitarianism. Government which tries to fully control life of citizens. Fascist Italy. Nazi Germany. Communist Russia.

Totila. -552. Ostrogoth king. Reconquered Italy.

Triple Alliance. 1668 England, United Provinces, Sweden vs France to protect Spanish Netherlands. 1717 France, England, Dutch Republic vs Spain...Quadruple Alliance. 1788-90 British, Dutch Republic, Prussia vs spread of Russo-Swedish War. 1795. England, Austria, Russia vs threat of French Revolution.1882-1914. Germany, Austria, Italy vs Triple Entente.

Troubadours. 11-13C. Wandering lyric poets of south France and Italy.

Tuscany. 1000BC Etruscans. 3C Rome = Tuscia. 6C Lombardy. 774 Franks. 12C Independent. 1434 Medici. 1737 Hapsburg-Lorraine. 1800 French Kingdom of Etruria. 1814 Hapsburg. 1849 Republic. 1861 Italy.

Two Sicilies. Naples and Sicily. All Italy south of papal states. 11C Norman. 12C HRE. 1282 Angevin(N)/Aragon(S). 1443 Aragon. 1495-1504 French(N). 1713 Austria(N) /Savoy(S). 1734 Spain. 1759 Independent Bourbon. 1799-1802 France. 1861 Italy.

Umberto I. 1844-1900. 2nd king of Italy 1878-. Assassinated by anarchists.

Umberto II. 1904-83. Last king of Italy 1946.

Umbria. Central Italy. Conquered by Rome c3C BC.

Venice. Venetia. 452 Founded. 697 Republic. Doge. 13-15C Venetian Empire. 1797 Austria. 1866 Italy.

Verona. Raeti. Etruscans. Gauls. 89BC Rome. 489 Ostrogoth. 774 Charlemagne. 1107 Republic. 1164 Veronese League...Lombard League. 1387 Milan. 1405 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1866 Italy.

Victor-Emmanuel II. 1820-78. First king of united Italy, 1861-. Peace of Milan, 1848. Cavour.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Vienna, Treaty. 1725. Spain, Austria pledge to aid Stuart restoration in England. 1738 Ends War of Polish Succession. 1809 =Schönbrunn Treaty. 1864 Denmark cedes Schleswig- Holstein to Prussia. 1866 Seven Weeks War. Austria cedes Venice to Italy.

Waldenses. 1170-. Austere heretical Christian sect. Founded by Waldo at Lyons. Persecuted in France, Italy, England.

Western European Union. 1948. Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. 1954 +Italy, Germany. 50 year treaty. NATO. European Defense Community.

World War I. 1914-18. Allies-France, British Empire, Russia, Italy, US(1917-) vs Central Powers-Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire. Caused by Nationalist movements, Balkan instability, trade rivalry, alliances. 30M casualties. First tanks, chemical, planes, submarines. Ended Russian, Ottoman, Austria-Hungarian Empires.

World War II. 1939-45. Allies-Britain, France, US(1941-), Russia(1941-) vs Axis-Italy, Germany, Japan, Russia(-1941). Caused by German Totalitarian expansionism resulting from WWI reparations and fear of Communism. 55M dead. 35M wounded. 30M refugees. Cost $US 1500B. Led to United Nations, Soviet power, State of Israel, atomic weapons.

Yugoslavia. Balkans. 1918 Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, Slovenes. 1929 =Yugoslavia. 1929-31 Dictatorship. 1941-45 Italy, Germany occupy. 1945 Socialist Federation of Republics. 1948 Broke Soviet ties. 1991 -Croatia, Slovenia, Civil war. Serbia. Croatia. Bosnia-Hercegovina. Slovenia. Macedonia. Montenegro. Tito. Kosovo.

Zadar. Dalmatia. 9C BC Liburnian colony. 1C BC Rome...Byzantine. 1409 Venice. 1797 Austria. 1808 France, «Illyrian Kingdom. 1813 Austria. 1918 Italy. 1944 Yugoslavia.

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