European Union. 1958 European Economic Community (EEC) of Belgium, France, W Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands. To integrate economic development of members. 1967 =European Community (EC). 1973 +UK, Ireland, Denmark. 1981+Greece. 1985 -Greenland. 1986 +Spain, Portugal. 1990 +former E Germany. 1993 =European Union (EU). Maastricht Treaty. European Parliament. European Court of Justice.

Fifteen Years War. 1591-1606. Austria vs Turkey over Transylvania. Stopped Turkish expansion in Europe.

First Coalition. 1792. European countries opposed to French Revolution.

Four Power Pact. 1933. Br, Fr, Ger, It for peace in Europe.

Francis Joseph II. 1906-89. Ruled Liechtenstein 1938-. Neutral in WWII. High tech, banking, Europe’s richest nation. Woman suffrage 1984.

French Revolutionary Wars. 1792-1802. France vs European powers who opposed Revolution. Napoleonic Wars. Coalition. Pillnitz.

Galland, Antoine. 1646-1715. French translator of Arabian Nights, introduced the story to Europe 1704.

Genoa, Conference. 1922. European and Commonwealth nations can’t agree on methods to rebuild Russia. France insists on loan repayment.

Gothic Architecture. 12-15C. Began with French cathedrals and spread over N Europe. Pointed arches, rib vaulting, flying buttresses. Stability achieved with balance rather than mass. Airy lightness. St. Denis 1140. Notre Dame Cathedral. Tudor.

Goths. Germanic people of S Scandinavia. Invaded Europe, 3-4C. Visigoths and Ostrogoths.

Hanseatic League. 1241-1669. Confederation of N German towns. Dominated N European trade 13-15C.

Haskala. 18-19C Cultural movement to move European Jews from ghettos into mainstream.

Hennepin, Louis. 1626-1701. Missionary explorer of Great Lakes. First European to Niagara Falls.

Holy Alliance. 1815. Russia, Prussia, Austria ally to preserve Christian principles, peace and monarchies. All European rulers but 3 joined.

Huns. Nomadic peoples of Central Asia who invaded Europe in 4-5C. Attila. Defeated at Châlons-sur-Marne, 451.

Imperialism. 19C European movement to expand control over larger territories.

Impressionism. 1867-86. European art movement named 1874 for Monet’s Impression Sunrise. Direct from nature with colors to render surfaces and lighting effects. Rejected primacy of subject. Renoir, Pissarro, Degas, Cezanne, Manet. Music: 1892-1910. Restraint and ambiguity. Mood music. Debussy.

Instrument of Government. 1653-7. First written constitution in Europe. Established Protectorate in England. Humble Petition.

Iron Age. 1200BC. Hittites begin to use iron for tools and weapons. 1000BC Europe. 600BC China.

Iron Curtain. 1946. Churchill’s name for Russia’s increasing influence in Eastern Europe. Dining à la Russe refers to carving being done behind an iron screen.

Japan. 660BC Empire founded by legendary Jimmu. 5C AD First unified state. c552 Buddhism. 1192 First Shogun ruler. 1543 European contact (Portugal). 1639 Isolation. 1868 Meiji restoration. 1945-52 Allies occupy. 1947 Constitutional monarchy.

Locarno Pact. 1925. Non-aggression treaty in Europe. Germany, France, Belgium, et al. Broken when Hitler occupied Rhineland,1936.

Maastricht, Treaty. 1993. Established European Union. Common citizenship, currency and free trade.

Madras Mutiny. 1809. European officers vs British East India Co.

Marshall Plan. 1948-52. European Recovery Program. US supplied $12B goods, loans, grants. Rejected by COMECON as ’dollar imperialism’.

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