Brunei. 15C + Borneo. 16-18C Decline; European colonies. 1888 British protectorate. WWII Japanese occupy. 1971 Self-governing. 1983 Independent Sultanate.

Brussels, Treaty. 1948. = Western Union. 50 year alliance of Britain, France, Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands. 1954 + W Germany, Italy.

Burgundian. Dominant European musical school in 15C. Dufay.

Cahenslyism. 19C European Roman Catholics in US press Pope for pastors and parishes of their nationality.

Celts. Central European peoples who settled Spain, Gaul, Asia Minor 3000BC, and invaded Great Britain c3C BC. Plundered Rome 390BC. Thrived in Britain. after Romans. Invaded Greece 279-276BC. Forced to Wales by Invasions 5C. = Roman “Gauls”.

Chess. 7C Indian game evolved from earlier board games with carved pieces. 750 China. 10C Moslems brought to Europe. 1254 banned by Louis IX.

Chinoiserie. 17-18C. European interpretation of Chinese style of art, decoration.

Coalition, Wars of. 1792-1815. European powers oppose France’s revolutionary ideas and expansion. French Revolutionary Wars. Napoleonic Wars. Third Coalition War.

Cocoa. 1494 brought to Europe by Columbus.

Coffee. 16/17C to Europe. 1650 Oxford. First coffee house.

COMINFORM. Communist Information Bureau. 1947-56. Coordinated European party activities.

Comoros. 8C Moslem. 1527 Europeans explore. 1886 France. 1975 Independent.

Continental System. 1806-12. Napoleon’s European embargo vs Britain. Russian refusal led to 1812 Campaign. British retaliation led to Anglo-American War 1812.

Corpus Juris Civilis. Developed 529-35. Roman legal code. Influenced European legal systems.

Crusades. 1095-1272. European Christian wars to regain Holy Land after Seljuk Turks take Jerusalem in 1072. Literature and the arts benefitted from Eastern cultural infusion. Peasants 1096. Annihilated. First. 1096-99. Genoa financed Godfrey of Bouillon to recapture Jerusalem. Only successful crusade. Second. 1147-49. Louis VII and Conrad III pillage Byzantium. Third. 1189-92. Richard I and Philip II Truce with Saladin allows access to Jerusalem. Fourth. 1202-4. French and Flemish nobles conquer, sack Constantinople, form Latin Empire. Childrens. 1212. Stephen of Cloyes led 30,000 unarmed French youths. Nicholas of Cologne led 20,000 German. All died or enslaved. Fifth. 1218-21. John of Brienne in Egypt. Sixth. 1228-29. Frederick II crowned king of Jerusalem. Seventh. 1248-54. St Louis of France captured by Egypt and ransomed. Eighth. 1270. St Louis dies of plague. Ninth. 1271-2. Prince Edward of England.

Depression, Great. 1929-34. Speculation, shortage of capital, tarrifs led to unemployment, European move to right, totalitarianism.

EEC. 1958 European Economic Community. European Union.

EFTA. European Free Trade Association. 1960. Free trade with EEC: Austria, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Iceland, Switzerland. Until joining EEC: Denmark, Portugal, UK.

Eisenhower, Dwight D. 1890-1969. Commander-in-Chief of Allied Armies in Europe 1943-5. US president 1953-61.

Enclosure. Land divided, fenced for better yield, causing hardships for smaller farmers, peasants. English 15-16, 18-19C, Europe 18-20C.

EU. European Union.

Europe, Council of. 1949-. To protect common heritage, human rights and harmonize legislation by replacing bilateral treaties.

European Community. 1967 European Union.

European Defence Community. 1950-54. Failed attempt at continental army.

European Parliament. 1958 Assembly. 1979 Legislature. 1993 Legislative Assembly of European Union.

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