Romany. Indo-European language of Gypsies. No written form.

Sanctuary, Right of. Established 4C Rome. England until 1623 (criminal), 18C (civil). Europe until 1789. Asylum in church for 1 month.

Santo Domingo. Dominican Republic. 1496- Oldest continuous European settlement in western Hemisphere.

Santos-Dumont, Alberto. 1873-1932. Brazilian aviator in Europe, 1906. Monoplanes 1909.

Schuman, Robert. 1886-1963. French Prime Minister 1947-8. 1950 plan to pool European resources led to EEC.

Scythians. 8/7-2C BC. Nomadic conquerors of S Europe, Russia. Conquered by Samaritans. Destroyed 2C AD.

Slavery. Babylon. Egypt. Greece. Rome. European colonies 1440s-19C. 1502 First blacks shipped to America. 1562- Trade. 1807 abolished in Britain, 1833 throughout Empire. 1816 Morocco abolished Christian slaves. 1851 Colombia, 1861 USA, 1930 Liberia. 2001 27M slaves in Mauritania, Sudan, Asia, Brazil.

Slavs. Asian peoples. c2500BC migrated to eastern Europe. 5-6C to Bohemia, Moravia, Hungary, Balkans.

St-Germain, Comte de. 1707-84. Won favour of Europe’s courts with “elixir of long life”.

Taiwan. Indonesians. 1590 Portugal discovers = Formosa. 17C Dutch/Spanish settle. 1662 Chinese settle, expel Europeans. 1895 Japan. 1945 China. 1949 Independent as Republic of China. 1971 United Nations gives Taiwan’s seat to People’s Republic of China.

Tatars. Ancient: Mongols who merged with Golden Horde, invaded Europe 13C. Tatarstan.

Tea. c2700BC China. 6C Europe. 1657 England.

Telstar. 1962. First satellite TV between North America, Europe. First public telephone by satellite.

Thirty Years War. 1618-48. Protestant revolt vs Holy Roman Empire involving most European states. Peace of Westphalia. Spain, HRE lose influence; Denmark finished as power; France dominant; Sweden controls Baltic. Religious toleration. Use of muskets, canons developed.

Tilsit, Treaties. 1807. Russia, Prussia join Continental System. Russia free to attack Finland. Prussia surrenders to Napoleon, reduced in size. France controls Central Europe. Creates Warsaw Duchy, Westphalia.

Tobacco. 1492 Cuba. 1493 Columbus brings to Europe. 1565 Hawkins brings to England. 1586 Raleigh brings to England.

Venezuelan Claims. 1902-7. European countries blockade ports to press for loan repayment.

Verner, Karl. 1846-96. Danish philologist of Indo-European languages. Phonetics 1875.

Vienna, Congress. 1814-15. Redrew map of Europe after Napoleon. Prussia gains Rhine, Westphalia. Swiss borders and neutrality confirmed. Netherlands created from Holland, Belgium, Luxembourg. Malta and Cape Colony ceded to Britain. Russia gets Poland. Austria trades Netherlands for north Italy. France reduced to 1792 borders. Metternich.

Vikings. Scandinavians who raided Europe 530-12C. Discovered Greenland, 982, North America, 10C. Norsemen. Varangians.

Warsaw Pact. 1955-91. USSR, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, E Germany, Hungary, Poland, Romania. Treaty for the combined defence of Eastern Europe under Soviet supreme command.

Western European Union. 1948. Britain, France, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg. 1954 +Italy, Germany. 50 year treaty. NATO. European Defense Community.

White Australia Policy. 1901-72. Anti-non-European immigration policies.

Yalta Conference. 1945. Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin. Decided partition of Europe after WWII. USSR enters war vs Japan. Potsdam. San Francisco Peace.

Yiddish. 12C- European Jewish language from High German+Hebrew+Slavic.

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