Mazowiecki, Tadeusz. 1927-. Polish Prime Minister 1989. First non-communist Prime Minister in Eastern Europe in 40 years.

Métis. Mixed European/native race in Canada, N US. Riel.

Middle Ages. 395-1492. Collapse of Rome to Columbus. Rise of Church power, modern European states. Dark Ages.

Mitterand, François. 1916-96. Socialist president of France, 1981-95. Promoted European unity.

Monroe Doctrine. 1823. No interference by Europe in Western Hemisphere. No US interference in Europe.

Morris Dance. English ritual folk dance of ancient Indo-European origins.

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus. 1756-91. Viennese Classical composer. European tour at age 6. Seemingly effortless compositions of symmetry and melody with emotional feeling. Marriage of Figaro 1786. Don Juan 1787. Magic Flute 1791.

Napoleonic Wars. 1803-15. France conquers most of Europe until Waterloo. Paris Treaty. Wars of Coalition.

NATO. North Atlantic Treaty Organization. 1949- Collective defence alliance of Western European and North Atlantic countries to preserve democratic freedom. UK, Canada, France, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Portugal, US. 1952 Greece, Turkey, 1955 FRG. 1964 -Greece. 1966 -France. 1980 +Greece. 1982 +Spain. 1993 +France. 1999 +Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic. 2004 +Latvia, Estonia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

Nicopolis, Battle. 1396. Turks crushed Crusaders. Ended European opposition to Ottoman expansion into Balkans.

OEEC. Organization for European Economic Cooperation. 1948-61. Western European trade organization. OECD.

Opium Wars. 1839-42 Hong Kong ceded to Britain. 1856-60. French, British force China to open trade, legalize opium. Demonstrated European weapon superiority. Nanking Treaty.

Orthodox Church, Eastern. 1054-. Autonomous Christian churches of Middle East, Eastern Europe, Russia using Byzantine rite. East-West Schism.

Pahlavi. 3-10C. Iranian branch of Indo-European languages.

Pali. Indo-European language of Buddha.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Peking Protocol. 1901-43. European powers control Peking. Boxer Rebellion indemnity to be paid.

Plague. 429-425BC Athens. 33% died. 1347-53 Europe. (Black Death). Killed 25-50% population. 1603~65 England. 1720 Provençe. 1710 Scandinavia. 1894 China, Hong Kong. 100,000 died, 10M around world.

Poitiers, Battle. 732. Charles Martel halts invasion, saving Europe from Moslem rule. 1356. Edward the Black Prince defeats and captures John II. Brétigny Treaty.

Potsdam Agreement. 1945. Truman, Stalin, Attlee agree to draw up peace treaties, reduce German industrialization, restore democracy in Europe after WWII. Outlawed Nazism. Divided Germany.

Quebec Conference. 1864. Basis of British North America Act. 1943. Allied leaders plan European landings. 1944. Churchill, Roosevelt decide on two war fronts-criticized for allowing Soviets to take Berlin.

Railways. 1795 England(horse-drawn). 1827 First US charter. 1827 Europe (St. Etienne-Andrézieux). 1869 US Central/Union Pacific. 1887 Canadian Pacific 1905 Trans-Siberian.

Raleigh, Walter. 1554-1618. English colonist in Virginia. Introduced tobacco, potato to Europe. Beheaded.

Romance Languages. European languages deriving from Latin.

Romanticism. 18C Philosophical movement rooted in Pietism. Began in Germany. Spread across Europe in 19C.

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