Rousseau, Jean-Jacques. 1712-78. Swiss Enlightenment philosopher and writer. Began Romantic Movement. Stimulated French and American Revolutions. On Equality 1753. Social Contract 1762 influenced French Revolution (offended authorities), Confessions 1782. Man is prevented from being free only by society and cold science. Goodness and bounty of nature. Goodness of man. Advocates direct democracy at City-State level and dictatorship above. Sovereignty rests with people. General will aims at best for all.

Russian Revolution. 1905. Led to Duma, Constitution and end of Mir system. Police gradually regained authority. October Manifesto. Bloody Sunday. 1917 Feb: Liberal republicans overthrow Czar. Oct: Lenin’s Bolsheviks overthrow Kerensky’s Provisional Government, withdraw from WWI.

Russo-Japanese War. 1904-5. Unsuccessful attempt to limit Japanese Imperialism. A cause of Russian Revolution 1905.

Saint-Just, Louis de. 1767-94. French revolutionary leader. Ally of Robespierre.

Salomon, Haym. 1740-85. Main financial backer of American Revolution.

Sansculottes. 1793-4. Radical French Revolutionaries. Demanded action of Convention vs counterrevolution. Terror.

Saratoga, Battle. 1777. American victory, turning point in American Revolution.

September Massacres. 1792. Paris. 1200 prisoners killed by revolutionaries in 4 days. French Revolution.

Shot Heard Around the World. 1775. Battle of Lexington and Concord beginning American Revolution.

Shrewsbury, Duke of. 1660-1718. English. Influenced Glorious Revolution, Hanoverian succession.

Socialism. 19C-. Movement opposing Liberalism, Capitalism. Advocates equal rights, just distribution of property, well-being of proletariat through reform or revolution. Utopia.

Socialist Revolutionary Party. 1901-22. Russia. Sought classless society. Suppressed by Bolsheviks.

Sorel, George. 1847-1922. French advocate of revolutionary syndicalism. Reflection on Violence 1908 justified violence and general strikes. Influenced Mussolini.

Stalin, Joseph. 1879-1953. Soviet bloodthirsty revolutionary. Leader 1924-. 5 Year Plans modernized Russia. 1928 Collectivization. 1932- Dictator. 1936-8 Purge. Turned Marxism to Nationalism and Imperialism. World Socialist Revolution under USSR. 1952 abolished Politburo.

Stamp Act. 1765. British tax on newspapers and legal documents. A cause of American Revolution. Stamp Act Congress.

Stamp Act Congress. 1765. Issued Declaration of Rights and Grievances vs “taxation without representation”. American Revolution.

Steuben, Baron von. 1730-94. Prussian general. Trained, organized American Revolution army 1778-.

Stolypin, Pyotr. 1862-1911. Russian Prime Minister 1906-. Used secret police to control revolutionaries. Moderate reforms.

Sucre, Antonio de. 1795-1830. Revolutionary with Bolivar. First Bolivian president 1826-8.

Sugar Act. 1764. British law to end sugar smuggling. A cause of American Revolution.

Sultan. Islamic spiritual and political leader.

Sun Yat-sen. 1866-1925. Chinese revolutionary humanitarian. Failed revolts 1895, 1913. President 1911-12, 23-25. Organized Kuomintang.

Supreme Being, Cult of. 1794. French Revolution. Robespierre. Cult of Reason.

Terror, The. 1793-4. 17000 executed by revolutionary tribunal in French Revolution. Robespierre.

Thiers, Adolphe. 1797-1877. French. Led July Revolution. Paris wall 1841. Crushed Paris Commune 1871. First president of Third Republic 1871-3.

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