Suffrage, Women. 1893 New Zealand. 1902 Australia. 1906 Finland. 1913 Norway. 1915 Denmark. 1917 USSR. 1918 Canada. 1918/28 Britain. Reform Bills. 1920 US. 1971 Switzerland. 1976 Liechtenstein. Not yet in Arab countries. Wyoming.

Tasmania. 1642 Tasman discovers = Van Diemen’s Land. 1803-52 British penal settlement. 1856 Self-government = Tasmania. 1901 Australia.

Transportation. Removal of criminals to a distant place. 1783-1868 British send 160,000 to Australia. 1854-1946. French send to French Guiana. 1710- Russia banishes to Siberia.

Appeasement Policy. 1937-9. British yield to Nazi demands in hope of maintaining peace. Munich Agreement. Gentleman’s Agreement.

Big Stick Policy. Roosevelt’s foreign policy. Power as a deterrent. Mahan.

Brinkmanship. Policy of staying at brink of war.

Buchanan, James. 1791-1868. US President 1857-61. Compromise policy failed to avert civil war.

Cabinet. Evolved from English Privy Council, 18C. Ministers controlling government policy.

Ceausescu, Nicolae. 1918-89. Repressive Romanian dictator, 1965-. Advocated independence from USSR and western ties. Economic policy led to food, energy shortages. Overthrown and executed.

Chamberlain, Neville. 1869-1940. English statesman, Prime Minister, 1937-40. Appeasement Policy towards Hitler. Munich Agreement.

Comunero. 1520-1. Spanish Republican rebellion. Crushed, but effected policy changes.

Gentlemen’s Agreement. 1907. US-Japan. Restricted emigration and discrimination. 1937. British-Italian agreement on Mediterranean. Appeasement.

Glasnost. Openness. Gorbachev’s policy to promote freedom of expression, reduce secrecy.

Isolationism. 19C-1916. US foreign policy of noninvolvement in foreign affairs.

Kellogg-Briand Pact. 1928. Outlawed war as an instrument of national policy. Signed by 62 countries. Kellogg. Briand.

Kronshtadt Rebellion. 1921. Sailors vs Bolsheviks. Suppressed but led to New Economic Policy.

Mercantilism. 16-18C. Economic policy opposed to Adam Smith’s. Regulation of industry and trade. Large armies. Wealth of nation is its gold.

Munich Agreement. 1938. Recognition of Italian and German conquests by Chamberlain and Daladier. Dismembered Czechoslovakia. Appeasement Policy. Sudetenland.

New Deal. 1933-9. Roosevelt’s economic policy vs Depression. TVA, CWA, WPA.

New Economic Policy. 1921-8. Russian economic program. Limited free enterprise. Replaced by Five Year Plans.

Nicholas I. 1796-1855. Czar 1825-. Autocratic. Russification of Finland, Poland, Ukraine, Baltic. Established Third Section. Policy of autocracy, orthodoxy, Nationalism.

Nuremberg Rallies. 1933-8. Annual Nazi festivals followed by Hitler policy speech.

Open Door. 1900-39. US policy of equal trade rights with China.

Paasikivi, Juho. 1870-1956. Finnish Prime Minister 1918~46. President 46-56. Appeasement policy to USSR.

Perestroika. 1986. Gorbachev’s policy of government and economic reform.

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