John. The Fearless. 1371-1419. Duke of Burgundy 1404-. War vs Armagnacs.1407 conquered Paris, won crown. Assassinated by Armagnacs during negotiations.

Jongleurs. French medieval wandering entertainers.

Kekulé, August. 1829-96. Benzene ring structure discovered in dream, 1865. Valence bond theory.

Kesselring, Albert. 1887-1960. German Commander-in-Chief in Italy, 1943. Delayed Allied victory. WWII.

Knights of the Golden Circle. 1859-66. Secret US organization of South supporters during Civil War.

Kruger Telegram. 1896. Wilhelm II congratulates Kruger on defeating Jameson Raid, angering British.

Land, Edwin. 1909-91. US inventor of Polaroid filter 1932, camera 1947, range-finder, anti-aircraft sights during WWII.

Lawrence, D.H. 1885-1930. Censored English psychological novelist exploring consciousness and morality. Sons and Lovers 1913. Women in Love 1926. Lady Chatterly’s Lover 1928. Modernism.

Lend-Lease. Agreement between Allies and US during WWII for sharing costs of supplies and foreign exchange obligations.

L’Hôpital, Michel de. 1505-73. French statesman, urged tolerance during the Wars of Religion.

Lilburne, John. 1614-57. English leader of Levellers during Civil War.

Locke, John. 1632-1704. English philosopher. Empiricism-all knowledge is derived from experience: On Civil Government 1689. Essay Concerning Human Understanding 1690. ‘Sound mind in a sound body’. Evil brings pain, Good brings pleasure. Advocated separation of legislature from executive, as applied in Britain and US. Natural rights (property, pursuit of happiness, religion) influenced US Constitution, led to Enlightenment. Philosophical basis of French and American Revolutions. Epistemological foundations of modern Science.

Lothair. 835-69. King of Lotharingia, 855. Disputes with Pope over annulment of his marriage.

Lotharingia. 843-870. Middle kingdom of split Carolingian Empire. Redivided.

Louis. The Younger. c830-882. Carolingian German King 876-. Acquired Lotharingia.

Louis XVII. 1785-95. Nominal French king during Revolution.

Mandaeanism. Persian Gnostic sect revering John the Baptist. Fertility worship.

March Laws. 1848. Hungarian independence during Revolution.

Marryat, Frederick. 1792-1848. English adventure writer of energetic seafaring stories. Midshipman Easy 1836.

Mazarin, Jules. 1602-61. French Cardinal, politician. Power during Louis XIV rule, regent 1643-61. Ended 30 Years war. Defeated the Fronde 1653. Supported strong monarchy.

Mersen, Treaty. 870. Divided Lotharingia. Charles II and Louis the German establish French/German frontier.

Molinos, Miguel. 1628-96. Spanish priest. Quietism. Died in prison during Inquisition.

Moscow Conferences. 1942,3,4,5. Allied meetings during WWII.

Näfels, Battle. 1388. Swiss defeat Hapsburg invaders, assuring independence.

National Recovery Organization. 1933. US. For business recovery during Great Depression.

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