Roundhead. Derisory term applied to Parliamentarians during English Civil War.

Royaume, Mother. Saved Geneva 1602 by pouring hot stew (and pot) on heads of Savoy soldiers.

Runeberg, Johan. 1804-77. Finnish epic poet. National anthem adapted from his poem Vårtland.

Russo-Swedish War. 1614-17. Russia loses access to Baltic. 1741-3. Sweden cedes part of Finland. 1788-90. 1808-9. Sweden cedes Finland + Åland Islands.

Schumann, Robert. 1810-56. German Romantic piano, choral composer. Lyrical works. Spring Symphony 1841. Rhenish Symphony 1850.

Se Ami. Japanese No dramatist. Offering of the Flowers 1395.

Sempach Battle. 1386. Swiss confederates defeat Austrian Duke Leopold, ensuring independence.

Sherrington, Charles. 1857-1952. British experimental physiologist.

Sisley, Alfred. 1839-99. English/French Impressionist painter. Meadows in Spring.

Slansky Trial. 1952. Jewish Czech communists purged during Stalin anti-semitism. Those executed were restored to party membership 1968.

Solferino, Battle. 1859. Victor-Emmanuel gains Lombardy during Risorgimento. Carnage leads to Red Cross.

Sophists. 5-4C BC. Wandering Greek philosophers who taught rhetoric and logic for a fee. Protagoras.

Stoicism. 4C BC. Ideal life of restraint, duty, ignoring passions, desires. Mind is a finer subdivision of matter. There are universal natural laws. Founded by Zeno.

Stravinsky, Igor. 1882-1971. Russian/US composer. New freedom of rhythm. Fire Bird 1910. Rite of Spring 1913, full of energy and virtuosity.

Ten Commandments. Decalogue. Laws God gave Moses on stone tablets. Fundamental to Judaism/Christianity/Islam. No other gods, idols, swearing. Remember the sabbath. Honor parents. Do not kill, commit adultery, steal, bear false witness, covet.

Thapsus, Battle. 46BC. Caesar defeats Scipio and Pompey’s supporters in north Africa securing dictatorship.

Tobacco. 1492 Cuba. 1493 Columbus brings to Europe. 1565 Hawkins brings to England. 1586 Raleigh brings to England.

Tolkien, JRR. 1892-1973. English philologist, fantasy novelist. Lord of the Rings 1954.

Tory. Term (Irish = outlaw) applied 1679 to Duke of York supporters. English Royalist political party 1690-1830, refounded as Conservative Party 1833. In US: =colonists loyal to Britain during American Revolution.

Trades Union Congress. TUC. 1868. Organization of British unions sponsoring Labour Party. ICFTU.

Troubadours. 11-13C. Wandering lyric poets of south France and Italy.

Turing, Alan. 1912-54. English mathematician, logician. Early computer theorist. Morphogenesis. Collosus. Bletchley Park.

Tutu, Desmond. 1931-. South African Anglican Archbishop. Hope and Suffering 1982. .

Ultraismo. 1918-30. Spanish Symbolist poetry movement. Free verse, daring imagery.

Union. The North. States which did not secede during the American Civil War. Confederacy.

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