Lammenais, Félicité de. 1782-1854. French RC priest. Liberal writer influenced Christian Democrats. Paroles d’un Croyant 1833.

Lares. Roman gods of households and fields.

Lateran Councils. Roman Catholic church councils. 1123,39 vs Schism of Arnold of Brescia. 1179 Crusade vs Albigens. 1215 Crusade. 1512-17 Reform.

Latins. Latium tribe. Includes Romans.

LeBougre, Robert. First Inquisitor of HRE, appointed by Gregory IX 1231.

Legion. Roman army unit of 4-6,000 men.

Leisler’s Rebellon. 1689-91. NY vs Catholic officials.

Leopold II. 1747-92. Holy Roman Emperor 1790-. “Enlightened despot”. Liberal reforms. Declaration of Pillnitz for absolutism.

Lepidus, Marcus. -13BC. Roman triumvir with Antony, Octavian 43-36BC. Failed revolt vs Octavian, 36BC.

Lepidus, Marcus. -c77BC. Roman consul. Opposed Sulla’s reforms, 78. Defeated by Pompey in Etruria.

Lermontov, Mikhail. 1814-41. Russian Romantic Caucasus poet: Hero of Our Time 1840. Exiled 1837-38,40.

Liber. Roman god of wine, fertility...Bacchus. = Dionysus.

Liechtenstein. 5C Alemanni. Franks. 1342 Independent. 1396 HRE. 1719 Principality «HRE. 1806 Rhine Confederation.1815 German Confederation. 1852 Customs Union with Austria 1923 Customs Union with Switzerland.

Liszt, Franz. 1811-86. Hungarian pianist, Romantic composer. Harmonic innovator.

Little Entente. 1920-38. Economic, defensive alliance of Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia.

Livius Andronicus. c284-204BC. Roman epic poet. Translated Greek plays, Odyssey.

Livy. c59BC-17 AD. Roman historian. 142 volume Annals of Rome 29BC-.

Lombard League. 1167-1250. N Italy united vs HRE.

Louis IV. c1283-1347. German king 1314-. Holy Roman Emperor, 1328-. German electors overrule Pope to make him Emperor.

Lucan. 39-65. Roman poet. Conspired vs Nero. Bellum Civile.

Lucretius. 99-55BC. Roman poet: De rerum natura, advocating moral truth without religious belief.

Luna. Roman moon goddess, = Selene.

Lusitania. Roman province ≈Portugal + west Spain.

Luxembourg. 1C BC Rome. 459 Franks. 963 Independent county «Holy Roman Empire. 1354 Duchy. 1443 Burgundy. 1472~1795 Hapsburg. 1555 Spanish. 1684 French. 1697 Spanish. 1714 Austrian. 1795 French. 1815 Dutch «German Confederation. 1839 Belgian(W)/Autonomous. 1867 Independent neutral. 1914-18, 1940-44 German occupation. 1948 Neutrality ends.

Macedonian Wars. 214~148BC. 4 Wars vs Rome reduced Macedonia to Roman province.

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