Jackson, Andrew. 1767-1845. US President 1829-37. General 1812-18. Opposed tarrifs. Retired public debt 1835. Spoils system. Universal white male suffrage. Kitchen Cabinet. New Orleans.

Krupp. 1587-1968. German family of arms manufacturers. Steel works 1812. Canon 1847. Used slave labour in WWII.

Kutuzov, Mikhaïl. 1745-1813. Russian general. Repelled Napoleon, 1812.

Louisiana. 1643 French LaSalle claims. 1719 Mississippi Company. 1762 England cedes to Spain. 1801 France (San Ildefonso Treaty). 1803 US purchase. 1812 18th State.

Malone, Edmund. 1741-1812. English Shakespearean scholar. Exposed W Ireland.

Malus, Étienne. 1775-1812. French physician. Discovered polarized light 1808.

Perceval, Spencer. 1762-1812. Only British Prime Minister assassinated in office.

Rothschild, Meyer. 1744-1812. German banking family patriarch.

Russian Campaign. 1812. Napoleon’s march on Moscow. 10,000 of 100,000 return. Grande Armée.

Smolensk. Victories of Napoleon 1812, Germans 1941.

Sobrero, Ascanio. 1812-88. Italian. Nitroglycerine 1846.

Turner, Joseph. 1775-1851. English Romantic landscape painter. Original use of color. Reflections on water. Mature style more abstract. Snowstorm 1812. Rain, Speed, Smoke 1844.

Vanderlyn, John. 1775-1852. US Neoclassical artist. Ariadne 1812.

Walter, John. 1739-1812. English entrepreuner. Founded Times 1785. Jailed for libel.