Papal States. 756-1870. Italian territory under Pope. Recognized 1279 by HRE; lost during Italian Unification. Pepin Donation.

Paphlagonia. Lydia. Persia. 333BC Alexander. 2C BC Pontus. 65BC Rome.

Paré, Ambroise. 1510-90. Father of modern surgery. -“I apply the dressing. God heals the wound.” Invented articulating artificial limbs 1540.

Paris, Treaties. 1229 Ends Albigensian Crusade. Louis gains Toulouse. 1327. England loses territory to France. 1763 Ends Seven Years War. Britain gets French holdings in Canada. Spain gets American territory. 1783 Ends American Revolution. US borders fixed. 1814 Ends Napoleonic Wars, restoring 1792 borders. Napoleon exiled to Elba. 1815 Ends Hundred Days. 1790 borders, reparations. Napoleon to St. Helena. 1856 Ends Crimean War. Black Sea neutral. Regulated Laws of High Seas. 1898 Ends Spanish American War. Spain cedes Cuba, Philippines, Puerto Rico to US. 1947. Settled European borders after WWII.

Parthenon. 447-431BC. Marble Doric temple of Athena built by Phidias and Ictinus under Pericles on Athens Acropolis. Damaged by Venetians attacking Turks 1687.

Partisans. Armed resistance in occupied territory. Yugoslav resistance under Tito, 1941-5.

Passy, Frédéric. 1822-1912. French founder of International League for Permanent Peace 1867. First

Peacock Throne. Seized 1739 in Delhi by Nader Shah. Taken to Iran. Original lost.

Peelites. 19C Free Trade Conservatives under Peel, Aberdeen.

Penfield, Wilder. 1891-1976. Canadian brain surgeon: Cerebral Cortex of Man.

Peninsular War. 1808-14. British, Spanish, Portuguese under Wellington defeat French in Iberian Peninsula.

Periander. Corinthian tyrant c627-586BC. Trade and art expansion.

Pericles. c495-429BC. Athenian leader 461-. Led to Athenian dominance of Greece. Parthenon. Height of democracy.

Pérotin. -c1238. First composer to write for 4 voices. Sederunt.

Perpetual Alliance. 1291. Association of Swiss Cantons which engendered today’s Confederation.

Pestalozzi, Johann. 1746-1827. Swiss educator. Modern primary education system. Paced development from familiar to new. Lienhard and Gertrude 1781-9. How Gertrude Teaches 1801.

Pétain, Philippe. 1856-1951. Defender at Verdun, 1916. Armistice 1940. Vichy Prime Minister 1940-42. German puppet 1942-4. Life sentence for collaboration after liberation.

Peter, St. -64. Leader of Jesus’ disciples. First pope. Crucified upside-down by Nero.

Petersburg Campaign. 1864-5. Virginia. Final action of American Civil War leading to Confederate defeat.

Petrie, Flinders. 1853-1942. British archeologist. Sequential dating method.

Pharos. 280BC-13C. Alexandria lighthouse. 135m high. Seven Wonders.

Phidias. c490-430BC. Greek sculptor. Parthenon frieze. 42 foot gold and ivory statue of Zeus at Olympia. 7 Wonders.

Philip II. 382-336BC. General: unified Macedonia. Alexander’s father.

Philip II. 1165-1223. French Capetian king 1179-. 3rd Crusade. Conquered Flanders. Doubled France. Fought Richard the Lion Heart for Angevin Empire.

Phillips, Wendell. 1811-84. US abolitionist, women’s suffrage, prohibition crusader.

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